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Controls and Air Control: The Latest Technology
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, Jr., P.E., TU Electric

A New Sequencing Control Strategy for Air-Handling Units (HVAC&R Research Journal Jan 1999) (4272)
John E. Seem, Ph.D., Member, Johnson Controls Inc., Milwaukee, WI; Cheol Park, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD; John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

Air handling unit (AHU) controllers commonly use sequencing logic to determine the most economic way to use the components of the AHU to maintain the supply air temperature at a setpoint value. The objective of this paper is to introduce the finite state machine (FSM) sequencing control strategy for AHUs and to compare this strategy with a traditional split-range sequencing control strategy. Simulation results demonstrate that in comparison to the split-range control strategy, the FSM control strategy leads to more stable operation of the AHU when the feedback controller(s) used to control the supply air temperature is (are) poorly tuned.

Filtration of Airborne Microorganisms: Modeling and Prediction (4273)
W. J Kowalski, P.E., Student Member, William P.; Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member and T. S. Whittam, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

A methodology for predicting the filtration of microorganisms is developed from basic filtration theory coupled with modeling of microbial size characteristics. Filter mathematical models are adapted to multi-fiber designs and matched to performance data. HEPA filters, ASHRAE 90%, 80%, 60%, and 40% filters are treated. Shape and log normal size distribution of airborne microorganisms are incorporated. The predicted efficiencies resulting from this method are compared with those based on the use of average diameters. The methodology developed is used to predict the most penetrating microorganisms for HEPA 99.97% filters.

Overview of Existing Regulations for Ventilation Requirements in Enclosed Vehicular Parking Facilities (4274) (RP-945)
Sponsor: TC 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Arselene Ayari, Student Member, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO.

This paper provides an overview of the current standards and regulations specific to the ventilation requirements in enclosed parking facilities. The paper discusses the emission rates of motor vehicle pollutants and their health effects. In particular, typical emission rates for different vehicle and fuel types are presented to highlight the effect of various parameters on the ventilation rate requirements for parking garages. The paper provides a brief description of some of the common ventilation problems reported in the literature for enclosed parking garages.

Protocol for Field Testing of Tall Buildings to Determine Envelope and Leakage Rate (4275) (RP-935)
William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Grenville K. Yuill, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE; Brian W. Lee, Student Member, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

This project develops a relatively simple, accurate method for testing the overall envelope leakage rate of tall buildings. Two pressurization test techniques, the floor-by-floor blower door method and the air-handler method, were developed and tested on two buildings. The outdoor air flow rate through fans may be measured by several techniques, including orifice plate, pitot traverse, and tracer gas dilution. The tracer gas method was found to be relatively easy to apply and highly accurate.

The Impact of Demand-Controlled and Economizer Ventilation Strategies on Energy Use in Buildings (4276)
Michael J. Brandemuehl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; J.E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

The overall objective of this work was to evaluate typical energy requirements associated with alternative ventilation control strategies. The strategies including different combinations of economizer and demand-controlled ventilation controls and energy analyses were performed for four typical building types, eight alternative ventilation systems, and twenty U.S. climates. The energy savings associated with economizer and demand-controlled ventilation strategies were found to be very significant for both heating and cooling.

Symposium SE-99-01
New Load Calculation Methods and Data
Sponsor: TC 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
APC Liaison: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University of Belgrade
Chair: Suzanne LeViseur, P.E., Member, Blue Heron Consulting, Inc., Jacksonville Beach, FL This symposium provides further information and data on the new load calculation method.

1. Development of Periodic Response Factors for Use with the Radiant Time Series Method
Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; Daniel E. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

2. The Effect of Beam Solar Radiation Distribution on Peak Cooling Loads
Douglas C. Hittle, Ph.D., Fellow, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

3. Proposals for a Building Loads Diagnostic Test Procedure
Simon J. Rees, Ph.D., Student Member and Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

4. Experimental Results for Heat Gain and Radiant/Convective Split from Equipment in Buildings (RP-1055)
Mohammad H. Hosni, Ph.D., Member, Byron W. Jones, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Henming Xu, Student Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Symposium SE-99-02
Optimal Control of Cooling Systems: New Results
Sponsor: TC 04.06 Building Operation Dynamics
APC Liaison: Ismena V. Deacon, C.Eng., Ove Arup & Partners
Chair: Jan Kreider, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Optimal control of chiller plants appears to offer savings in electrical demand and energy charges if implemented in the proper way. This symposium reports on recent findings from a study of optimal control of cooling plants. The time horizon needed for optimization, the effect of uncertainty and the economic value of optimization are all discussed.

1. Planning Horizon for a Predictive Optimal Controller for Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Moncef Krati, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Gregor Henze, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, Essen, Germany; Dagfinn Bell, Student Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

2. The Impact of Forecasting Uncertainty on the Performance of a Predictive Optimal Controller for Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Gregor P. Henze, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, Essen, Germany; Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

3. Economic Analysis of Optimized Control of Central Cooling Plants
Ronald C. Kammerud, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Paradigm Consulting, Oakland, CA, (Deceased); Steven L. Blanc, P.E., Member, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Ramon, CA

Symposium SE-99-03
Water Treatment for the Year 2000
Sponsor: TC 03.06 Corrosion and Water Treatment
APC Liaison: Emil E. Friberg, P.E., Friberg Associates, Inc.
Chair: Mark Hodgson, Associate Member, Clayton Group Services, Edison, NJ
The symposium introduces a new look at cooling tower operation for the next millennium, including the presentation of new ASHRAE-sponsored research on biocides.

1. An Innovative Electronic Descaling Technology for Scale Prevention in a Chiller
Young I. Cho, Ph.D., Member, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

2. Update on Legionnaires' Disease and Cooling Systems Case History Reviews: What Happened/What To Do/Current Guidelines
Paul R. Puckorius, Member, Puckorius and Associates, Inc., Evergreen, CO

3. Control of Legionnaires' Disease: An Australian Perspective
Clive Broadbent, P.E., Member, Clive Broadbent & Associates, Canberra, Australia

4. Laboratory Observations of Biocide Efficiency Against Legionella in Model Cooling Tower System (RP-954)
William M. Thomas, Ph.D., Built Environment Group, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Jason Eccles and Colin Fricker, Ph.D., Thames Water Utilities, United Kingdom

Seminar 1
Alternative Refrigerants for Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Sponsor: TC 07.06 Unitary and Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Chair: Piotr A. Domanski, Ph.D., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
Ozone depletion and intensifying concerns about climate change challenge the industry to develop efficient systems with new refrigerants. In response to the ozone depletion problem and mandates of the Montreal Protocol, equipment manufacturers concentrated on developing systems using HFC refrigerants, while researchers proceeded to study systems using low-GWP working fluids. The seminar provides an overview of refrigerants considered as R-22 alternatives, discusses the issues related to performance of R-410A, and presents two studies on the use of low-GWP fluids.

1. R-22 Alternatives Under Consideration
Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

2. R-410a Performance Near the Critical Point
Ward Dyer Wells, Member, DuPont Co., Wilmington, DE

3. The Performance of Unitary Air Conditioners Employing R410a at High Outdoor Ambient Temperatures
Charles Bullock, Ph.D., Fellow, Carrier Corp., Syracuse, NY

4. Water to Water Heat Pump Using HFC/HC Zeotropic Mixtures
W. Vance Payne, II, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

5. Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Based Air-to-Air Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Eckhard A. Groll, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Seminar 2
Developments in the Design and Application of Refrigeration Control Valves
Sponsor: TC 10.01 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
APC Joseph Pillis, P.E., Member, Frick Co., Waynesboro, PA
The increased use of computerized controls on today's refrigeration systems has led to the development of more sophisticated control valves. This seminar reviews some of the recent developments, including different technologies behind the electronic expansion valves.

1. Pressure Regulators for Side Port Loads
John Topliss, Member, Refrigeration Components of Canada, Delta, BC, Canada

2. Step Motor Driven Control Valves for Speciality Refrigeration Systems
Brian J. Dolin, Associate Member, Sporlan Valve Co. Electronic Products, Washington, MO

3. Pulse Width Refrigerant Level and Pressure Control
John J. Sluga, Member, Hansen Technologies Corp., Burr Ridge, IL

4. Linear Proportional Solenoids for Refrigerant Flow Control
Eric O. Pugh, Member, Refrigerating Specialties, Broadview, IL

Seminar 3
Industrial Air Conditioning
Sponsor: TC 09.02 Industrial Air Conditioning
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Co.
Chair: Richard A. Evans, P.E., Fellow, Evans Associates, Richland, WA
The various ventilation systems within power plants provide unique opportunities for the design engineer to exercise skill and judgement in the practice of the HVAC art. The four speakers discuss several considerations associated with ventilation of this type of a facility.

1. Battery Room Ventilation
Dipankar Ghosh, Member, Southern Company Services, Birmingham, AL

2. Infiltration Simulation for Large Buildings with Internal Heat Load
James E. Dimitry, P.E., Associate Member and John B. Riley, P.E., Member, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, MO

3. Heat Transfer Fluid Facility Ventilation
Edward T. Fuller, Associate Member, E. I. Dupont, Wilmington, DE

4. A Proper Way to Design Power Plant Ventilation
Charlie C. Shieh, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Goldman Copeland, PC, New York City, NY

Seminar 4
Uses of Short-Term Data Sets for Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings
Sponsor: TC 09.06 Systems Energy Utilization
APC Liaison: William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky
Chair: Richard P. Mazzucchi, Member, Resource Performance Management Corp., Silverdale, WA
Data collected over short periods of time can be of substantial value to improve the accuracy and credibility of energy savings calculations. Such calculations are important to identify, assess, and verify the energy savings associated with design choices and energy system retrofits. This seminar describes several projects that have used short term data sets to calculate energy savings and details the measurements and energy savings algorithms applied.

1. Use of Short-Term Monitored Data for Long Term Predictions
David Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

2. A Tale of Two Chillers
Mark Hydeman, P.E., Member, Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco, CA

3. A Sensible Low Cost Approach for Verification of Energy Savings: Part 1
Mark S. Martinez, Southern California Edison, Irwindale, CA

4. A Sensible Low Cost Approach for Verification of Energy Savings: Part 2
John Phelan, Associate Member, Architectural Energy Corp., Boulder, CO

5. Applications of Short-Term Measurements for Utility Program Evaluation and Energy Savings Performance Contracting
R. Lynn Qualmann, P.E., Member, SBW Consulting, Inc., Bellevue, WA

Forum 1
Commercial Airline Air Quality Standard
Sponsor: SPC-161P
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, P.E., RM Suggs Co.
Moderator: Larry Holcomb, Ph.D., Member, Holcomb Environmental Services, Olivet, MI
The SPC-161P is developing an ASHRAE standard for commercial aircraft based on measurable parameters and levels acceptable to cognizant authorities.

Forum 2
HVAC Use of Antimicrobial Chemicals: What Research Is Needed?
Sponsor: TC 09.08 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications
APC Liaison: Sally A. McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Moderator: Robert G. Baker, Member, BBJ Chemical Compounds, Inc., Tampa, FL
During a seminar held at the Chicago meeting the U.S. EPA Antimicrobial Division issued a challenge to ASHRAE. EPA has the responsibility of regulating both antimicrobial chemicals and devices such as UV emitters and ozone generators. HVAC uses must be separately registered, yet there is a lack of current peer reviewed scientific basis for regulation. EPA needs organizations such as ASHRAE to take the lead in establishing guidance. This forum explores what research will be necessary to develop data that will allow ASHRAE to lead in this area.

Forum 3
Help in Writing an ASHRAE Research Work Statement
Sponsor: Research Administration Committee
APC Liaison: Sally A. McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Moderator: Alfred W. Woody, P.E., Member, Giffels Associates, Inc., Southfield, MI
A research work statement needs to convey its purpose and justification to ASHRAE's Research Administration Committee (RAC) as well as be the document that describes the project scope and other bidder information. Come to this forum to discuss techniques to prepare better work statements and to learn what items RAC members always look for in their review.

Forum 4
IAQ Needs: Bars and Lounges
Sponsor: TC 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, P.E., RM Suggs Co.
Moderator: Paul Nelson, Ph.D., Member, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, NC
Bars and lounges are high occupant-density spaces with special needs that must be addressed during design in order to maintain good indoor air quality. Existing spaces often are under-ventilated, and retrofits often necessitate creative solutions. This forum provides an opportunity to raise and discuss design and operational issues as they pertain to bars and lounges and, provided suitable interest, is intended to serve as a springboard for future programs.

Symposium SE-99-04
Advances in Thermal and Fluid Aspects of Alternative Refrigerants/Refrigerant Mixtures
Sponsor: TC 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow; TC 08.04 Air to Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment, TC 08.05 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Chair: Michael Ohadi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
This symposium reports some of the latest research progress in heat and mass transport processes of direct significance to refrigeration and air conditioning applications. The presentations discuss both basic and design-oriented information and, in particular, heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of alternative refrigerants/refrigerants mixtures.

1. Two Phase Flow Condensation Characteristics of Alternatives to R-502 Inside Air/Refrigerant Enhanced Surface Tubing
Samuel M. Sami, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Michel Fontaine, Research Center for Energy Conversion, Moncton, N.B., Canada

2. An Experimental Study of the Performance of Capillary Tubes for R-407c Refrigerant
Chung-Zu Wei, Energy and Resources Laboratories, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Yur-Tsai Lin, Ph.D., Yuan-Ze University, Chungli, Taiwan, Chi-Chuan Wang, Ph.D., Member and Jin-Sheng Leu, Ph.D., Energy and Resources Laboratories, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan

3. A Comparison of R-22, R-134a, R-410a, and R-407c Condensation Performance in Smooth and Enhanced Tubes: Part 1, Heat Transfer (4313)
Steven J. Eckels, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Brian A. Tesene, Inter Direct Inc., Manhattan, KS

4. A Comparison of R-22, R-134a, R-410a, and R-407c Condensation Performance in Smooth and Enhanced Tubes: Part 2, Pressure Drop (4314)
Steven J. Eckels, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Brian A. Tesene, Inter Direct Inc., Manahattan, KS

Symposium SE-99-05
HVAC Is for People Too
Sponsor: TC 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
APC Liaison: Ismena V. Deacon, C.Eng., Ove Arup & Partners
Chair: Jerry Sipes, Ph.D., P.E., Member, MetalAire, Clearwater, FL
This symposium addresses the topics of human comfort and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) assessment. It is an ongoing symposium sponsored by TC 2.1. The topics addressed cover air humidity requirements for thermal comfort, thermal comfort of people with multiple sclerosis, an occupant questionnaire and an IEQ tool.

1. Air Humidity Requirements for Human Comfort
Jorn Toftum, Ph.D. and P.Ole Fanger, D.Sc., Fellow, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

2. Thermal Comfort Requirements: A Study of People with Multiple Sclerosis
Lynda H. Webb, Ph.D., Kenneth Parsons, Ph.D., Member and Simon G. Hodder, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England

3. Occupant Feedback Questionnaire Producing a Fingerprint and a Score
Geoffrey J. Levermore, Ph.D., Member and David Lowe, UMIST, Manchester, England; James. Ure, ABS Consulting, London, UK

4. Use of a Portable Indoor Environmental Quality Logger for Indoor Environmental Quality Assessment
Daniel W.T. Chan, Member, John Burnett, Ph.D. and Horace K.W. Mui, Student Member, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Seminar 5
A Peek at a Real BACnet™ Building: The 450 Golden Gate Project
Sponsor: TC 04.11 Smart Building Systems
APC Liaison: James S. Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Chair: Steven L. Blanc, P.E., Member, Pacific Gas and Electric, San Ramon, CA
The advent of the BACnet building controls communication protocol has opened the door for greater flexibility and choice in building controls for building owners and operators. How well does it work in the "real world"? The 450 Golden Gate project can provide many insights as one of the first large-scale controls installations using the BACnet standard in its design and installation. The project required that a new DDC system be installed at the site linking over 3500 points in the HVAC system on 22 floors using two different controls manufacturers. Views of the design, manufacturing, installation, testing and the building owner on the use of BACnet at the site are presented.

1. An Engineer's View of 450 Golden Gate
Martin A. Applebaum, P.E., Member, ESS Engineering, Tempe, AZ

2. A Peek at a BACnet Building: A Vendor's View
Michael R. DeNamur, The Trane Co., St. Paul, MN

3. A Vendor's View: 450 Golden Gate and BACnet
David M. Guthrie, Affiliate, Alerton Technologies, Inc., Redmond, WA

4. Strategic Network Operations and Testing
Steven T. Bushby, Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

5. The 450 Golden Gate Building and BACnet: The Operator's View
Terry Pierce, U.S. General Services Administration, Auburn Washington

Seminar 6
Using New Weather Data Software Products
Sponsor: TC 04.02 Weather Information
APC Liaison: Sally A. McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Chair: William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
In recent years, a number of new software tools for manipulation, analysis, and synthesis of weather information have been produced by ASHRAE research and by other organizations in collaboration with ASHRAE. This seminar describes several of these tools and provides demonstrations of their use.

1. Engineering Weather Data in BinMaker PLUS
Lew Harriman, Member, Mason Grant Consulting, Portsmouth, NH

2. Description of the ASHRAE Weather Data Viewer
Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

3. Utilization of the ASHRAE Design Weather Sequence Viewer 2.1
Donald Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

4. Automated Generation of Hourly Extreme Weather Sequences Using the ASHRAE Extremes Program
Sanford A. Klein, Ph.D., Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

Seminar 7
Defrost Methods and their Impact on Product Temperature and System Energy Use
Sponsor: TC 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
APC Liaison: Daniel J. Dettmers, EPRI HVAC&R Center
Chair: Paul R. Reed, Affiliate, DuPont SUVA Refrigerants, Wilmington, DE
Different defrost methods are available for supermarket refrigeration equipment. Each has positive and negative aspects in terms of its affect on product temperatures in the display case and system energy consumption for the supermarket owner. These different defrost strategies are explored and the above affects discussed.

1. Intelligent Demand for Supermarket Display Cases
Mukesh Khattar, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA

2. Comparison of Various Defrost Methods on Case Performance
Massoud Neshan, Member, Hill Phoenix, Colonial Heights, VA

3. The Potential for Using Liquid Desiccants to Control Frost in Supermarket Display Cases
Ajay Chatlani, Member, Niagara Blower Co., Buffalo, NY

Seminar 8
SP91 Hospitals and Clinics HVAC Systems Design Manual Update
Sponsor: TC 09.08 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Co.
Chair: Kenneth E. Gill, P.E., Member, AGUIRRE Corp., Dallas, TX
In January 1998, SP91 met to establish the necessary steps to produce a special publication for use by the design community which would offer the latest and best engineering design practice for healthcare facility design. Also, the sponsoring TC 9.8, held a well attended forum entitled "What should be included in ASHRAE's hospital and clinics HVAC systems design manual?" This seminar is the first in a series of progress reports on SP91.

1. SP91 Design Manual Overview
Anand Seth, P.E., Member, PHS/Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

2. Terminology for Technical Communication, Case in Point: Hospital Design
Mary Jane Phillips, Member, Mechanical Engineer, Retired, Olney, MD

3. Building System Design Information and Coordination
Paul Ninomura, P.E., Member, Public Health/Indian Health Services, Seattle, WA

4. Healthcare Facility Descriptions and Life Safety
Doug Erickson, DSE Consulting, Park Ridge, IL

5. Health Care Facility Room Design
Richard Hermans, P.E., Member, Ellerbe Becket, Minneapolis, MN

Seminar 9
Update on GPC 14P: Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings
Sponsor: TC 09.06 Systems Energy Utilization
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Mathaudhu Engineering, Inc.
Chair: Richard Mazzucchi, Member, Resource Performance Management, Silverdale, WA
For the past five years ASHRAE Guideline Committee GPC 14P has been working to develop a set of standardized energy (and demand) savings calculation procedures. It is expected that this guideline will be used in energy savings performance contracts between energy service providers and their customers to provide adequate assurance of the accuracy of the savings calculations as the basis for performance payments. This seminar describes current status, various approaches, and application of the proposed guideline.

1. Overview of Proposed Guideline 14P
George Reeves, Member, George Reeves Associate, Inc., Lake Hopatcong, NJ

2. GPC 14P: Overview of Retrofit Isolation Approaches
Ish Sud, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Sud Associates, P.A., Durham, NC

3. GPC 14P: Overview of Whole Building Callibrated Simulation Approach
Jack S. Wolpert, Ph.D., Member, E Cube, Inc., Boulder, CO

4. Application of Guideline 14P: FEMP/IPMUP Update
Steve Kromer, P.E., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

Seminar 10
Velocity Measurements in Non-Ideal Flow Conditions
Sponsor: TC 01.02 Instruments and Measurements
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, P.E., RM Suggs Co.
Chair: Fathi Finaish, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO
Measurements acquired by commonly used velocity anemometers can be affected by changes in flow pressures, temperature, humidity, density, and/or turbulence. In many cases, these changes are large enough to produce significant errors which make velocity measurements unacceptable in many HVAC applications. This seminar addresses the effects of various flow conditions, such as turbulence on velocity measurements acquired by velocity instrumentation that are commonly used in the HVAC industry.

1. An Investigation into the Effects of Turbulence on the Measurements of Air Velocity by Hand-Held Thermal Anemometers
Charles Wright, Member, TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN

2. Accuracy Limitation for Low Velocity Thermal Anemometers
Arsen K. Melikov, Ph.D., Member, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

3. Influence of Turbulence Intensity on the Performance of Rotating Vane Anemometers
B. Terry Beck, Ph.D., Member; M.H. Hosni, Ph.D., Member; and Dawn M. Morris, Student Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

Forum 5
Commissioning Documentation: What Is Needed and Why!
Sponsor: TC 09.09 Building Commissioning
APC Liaison: Sally A. McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Moderator: Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Member, Air Engineering and Testing, Dallas, TX
One of the important products of commissioning is the documentation on the facility from design through operations. ASHRAE Guideline 1, Chapter 12 lists some of the information that should be included but does not detail formats, arrangements, or storage methods. As ASHRAE progresses to the next level of commissioning, a discussion is needed with providers and users of the information to facilitate and standardize the assembly, presentation, storage, and use of the information. This forum discusses what is needed and how it will be used.

Forum 6
Draft Standard 62.2, Ventilation and Acceptable IAQ in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
Sponsor: TC 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
APC Liaison: Sally A. Hooks, Ascendix Group
Moderator: Bruce A. Wilcox, P.E., Member, BSG, Piedmont, CA
The draft 62.2P is expected to be out for public review at or around the Seattle meeting. This forum allows members of the SPC to explain the draft and answer questions from potential commentors.

Forum 7
What Constitutes a "Green" HVAC System?
Sponsor: TC 05.07 Evaporative Cooling
APC Liaison: Sally A. Hooks, Ascendix Group
Moderator: Mark S. Lentz, P.E., Member, Lentz Engineering Associates, Inc., Sheboygan Falls, WI
The subject of "green" buildings is an obtuse subject. "Green" is a relative term used to describe products, processes, or systems which supposedly have little or no adverse implication for the environment. At the 1998 Annual Meeting, ASHRAE held a Public Session with the title "Green Buildings: It's Not Easy Being Green." This raised the logical question, "What in the world of HVAC is really green?" This forum explores the subject of what really constitutes being "green," identifying "green" processes, and possibly identifying varying shades of "green".

Forum 8
Which Acoustical Criteria Do You Use?
Sponsor: TC 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control
APC Liaison: Sally A. McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Moderator: Mark Schaffer, P.E., Member, Schaffer Acoustics Inc., Pacific Palisades, CA
NC, dBA, RC, Sones, NCB, RCMkII, CNR-these acoustical descriptors and their associated rating systems are either mentioned in the ASHRAE Handbooks or are used by manufacturers for rating equipment noise. Some of the descriptors rate loudness while some rate spectral balance. This forum seeks to learn how ASHRAE members use acoustical criteria so that TC 2.6 can be more responsive to HVAC system designers needs.

Symposium SE-99-06
Accuracy Tests for Simulation Models
Sponsor: TC 04.07 Energy Calculations
APC Liaison: Colleen S. Smith, P.E., Florida Power Co.
Chair: Michael J. Witte, Ph.D., Member, GARD Analytics, Inc., Park Ridge, IL
The widespread use of building energy simulation software is creating the need for thorough testing and validation. This symposium presents the latest North American and European developments in accuracy tests for building energy simulation software in North America and Europe. A variety of testing approaches are presented, including analytical, empirical and comparative tests.

1. An Overview of Validation Methods for Energy and Environmental Software
Dave Bloomfield, BRE Ltd., Watford, HERTS, England

2. Validation of Two French Building Energy Programs: Part 1 - Analytical Verification
Gilles Guyon, Ph.D., Electricitè de France, Les Renardiéres, Ecuelles, Moret-Sur-Loing, France; Elena Palomo, Ph.D., Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussèes, Citè Descartes-Champs-sur Marne, Marne-La-Vallee Cedex,

3. Validation of Two French Building Energy Programs: Part 2 - Parameter Estimation Method Applied to Empirical Validation
Gilles Guyon, Ph.D., Electricitè de France, Les Renardiéres, Ecuelles, Moret-Sur-Loing, France; Elena Palomo, Ph.D., Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussèes, Citè Descartes-Champs-sur Marne, Marne-La-Vallee Cedex,

4. Adaptation of the BESTEST Intermodel Comparison Method for ASHRAE Proposed ASHRAE Standard 140P, Method of Test for Building Energy Simulation Programs
Ronald Judkoff, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO; Joel Neymark, P.E., Member, J. Neymark & Associates, Golden, CO

Symposium SE-99-07
Performance of Air Diffusion Systems in Terms of Thermal Comfort, IAQ and Energy Efficiency
Sponsor: TC 05.03 Room Air Distribution
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Mathaudhu Engineering, Inc.
Chair: Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Different air diffusion systems lead to different air distributions in rooms. Consequently, the thermal comfort and indoor air quality level created by the systems and the energy used by the systems will be different. The symposium papers discuss the impact of some new air diffusion systems, such as displacement ventilation and task ventilation, on comfort, IAQ, and energy in detail.

1. Floor-Supply Displacement Air-Conditioning: Laboratory Experiments
Takashi Akimoto, Dr. Eng., Member, Kanto-Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan; Tatsuo Nobe, Dr. Eng., Shimizu Corp., Tokyo, Japan; Shin-Ichi Tanabe, Dr. Eng., Member, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Ken-Ichi Kimura, Dr. Eng., Fellow, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

2. The Influence of Heat and Contaminant Source Non Uniformity on the Performance of Three Different Room Air Distribution Methods
Kim H. Hagström, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland; Alexander M. Zhivov, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Zhivov & Associates, Champaign, IL; Kai Sirèn, Ph.D., Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland; Leslie L. Christianson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

3. Study on the Applicability of the Desk Displacement Ventilation Concept
Marcel G.L.C. Loomans, Ph.D., P.E., TNO Building and Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands

4. Comparison of Energy Consumption Between Displacement and Mixing Ventilation Systems for Different U.S. Buildings and Climates (4315) (RP-949)
Shiping Hu, Student Member, Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member and Leon Glicksman, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

Symposium SE-99-08 (WITHDRAWN)

Seminar 11
Efficacy of Antimicrobial Treatments on Filtration Products
Sponsor: TC 02.04 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment
APC Liaison: James S. Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Chair: Michael A. Murphy, Associate Member, Air Filter Testing Laboratories, Inc., Crestwood, KY
Chemical antimicrobial additives and coatings seemingly have endless applications in HVAC and indoor air quality including HVAC system and duct coatings, HVAC filtration products and systems and incorporation into or application on building materials. This seminar addresses an overview of 1) how manufacturers of filtration products apply and verify the effectiveness of antimicrobial treated products, 2) how environmental and IAQ consultants employ and evaluate antimicrobial chemical or treated products, 3) recent research on microbiological sampling and analytical techniques for determining the efficacy of antimicrobial treated filtration products and 4) future technology and implications of antimicrobial chemicals in IAQ.

1. The Role of and Efficacy Testing of Antimicrobial Preservatives in Air Filters
Daniel L. Price, Associate Member, Interface Research, Kennesaw, GA

2. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Treatments of Filtration Products/New HVAC UV Technology
Scott Moore, Affiliate, Airguard Industries, Inc., Louisville, KY

3. Update of ASHRAE RP-909 Final Report for Phase II: Determine the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Treatments of Fibrous Air Filters
Karin K. Foarde, Member, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC

Seminar 12
First Time at an ASHRAE Meeting? This Seminar's for You!
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
APC Liaison: Emil E. Friberg, P.E., Friberg Associates, Inc.
Chair: Chad B. Dorgan, P.E., Member, Dorgan Associates, Inc., Madison, WI
This seminar introduces new meeting attendees to the events of a Society meeting: how to get involved in a technical committee, what is the difference between a symposium and seminar, and how to become part of the meeting program. The role of ASHRAE staff in a meeting and the events that surround the meeting are explained. And if you're not having fun yet, the technical tours, student involvement, guest and "special" events (how to have fun at ASHRAE) are discussed.

1. Membership - Benefits to You, Benefits to Your Company
Daniel J. Dettmers, Associate Member, EPRI HVAC&R Center, Madison, WI

2. Standing Committees - What They Do, How Members are Appointed
Sally Hooks, Member, Ascendix Group, N. Bethesda, MD

3. The Fun Side of ASHRAE Meetings
Ismena Deacon, C.Eng., Member, Ove Arup and Partners, London, England

4. Technical Committees, Technical Programs, Committee Meetings and the Role of ASHRAE Staff at a Society Meeting
Emil Friberg, P.E., Fellow, Friberg Associates, Inc., Fort Worth, TX

Seminar 13
Fundamentals of Lubrication and Tribology in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems: A Learning Experience
Sponsor: TC 03.04 Lubrication
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Chair: Thomas E. Rajewski, Associate Member, CPI Engineering Services, Inc., Midland, MI
This seminar introduces the various aspects associated with proper lubrication of refrigeration and air conditioning compressors. Understanding the tribological considerations of a compressor, and engineering the system accordingly is critical to the long term success. In addition to the metals of construction, the impact of the refrigerant on the lubricant, the method of lubrication and additive technology may all impact the tribology of the compressor.

1. Practical Tribology
David Henderson, P.E., Member, Spauschus Associates, Stockbridge, GA

2. Tribological Testing and Failure Analysis to Lead to More Effective Lubricant Design
G. Ray Malone, Ph.D., Lubrizol Corp., Wickliffe, OH

3. Lubrication of Rolling Element Bearings in Refrigeration Compressors
Ulf Jonsson, Ph.D., Lulea University, Lulea, Sweden

4. Evaluation of Bearings for HFC Scroll Compressors
Susumu Hiodoshi, Daikin Industries, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

Seminar 14
Hybrid HVAC Systems: Theory and Simulation
Sponsor: TC 06.04 In-Space Convection Heating
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Chair: Birol i. Kilkis, Ph.D., Member, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Hybrid HVAC systems are becoming more desirable in satisfying advanced indoor requirements of today's complex buildings with diverse and specific functions. This seminar addresses special issues in assessing the merits of hybrid systems through analytical modeling and numerical simulations, widens the knowledge base for design, and discusses relevant design and operation experience.

1. Demonstration of a Hybrid HVAC System in an Arizona Residence
David Scheatzle, Ph.D., Member, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ

2. Problem Solving Hybrid System Solution Utilizing Fast Acting Radiant Ceiling Panels
Richard D. Watson, P.E., Member, SSHC, Old Saybrook, CT

3. Simulation of Indoor Thermal Environment with Simple Flow Program and an Energy Program
J. Srebric, Student Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

4. The Effect of Window Glass Wavelength on Radiation Heat Transfer to and from the Building Environment
Kirby S. Chapman, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

5. Implementation of a Radiant Model to Complement a Forced-Air System in a Virtual Building
Jeanne M. Palmer, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

Seminar 15
Innovative Answers to Lab Design Problems
Sponsor: TC 09.10 Laboratory Systems
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Co.
Chair: Jim Coogan, P.E., Associate Member, Siemens Building Technology, Buffalo Grove, IL
While every building is unique, laboratory HVAC designers have faced some familiar questions over and over. The usual list of options is well known. This seminar presents a set of uncommon approaches to heating, cooling and moving air for laboratory applications. Payoffs include energy conservation, fitting within space constraints and completing projects successfully.

1. Economical Modular 3-Fan Dual Duct System for Labs
Roland Charneux, P.E., Member, Pageau Morel & Associates, Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada

2. Variable Pressure Air Supply System
Steven R. Eirschele, P.E., Member, Eirschele Consulting Services, Kirkland, WA

3. Variable Discharge Geometry Damper Saves Energy in Laboratory Exhaust Systems
Paul Fuson, Siemens Building Technology, Pine Brook, NJ; Norman Goldschmidt, Associate Member, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Syracuse, NY

Seminar 16
Case Studies of the Application of a Smoke Movement Analysis Program
Sponsor: TC 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke
APC Liaison: Colleen S. Smith, P.E., Florida Power Co.
Chair: James Buckley, P.E., Member, CCRD Partners, Houston, TX
A smoke movement analysis program has been developed to assist designers, engineers and consultants analyze smoke flow, including the effects of pressurization. The program has evolved into a more current version. This seminar presents case studies in the application of the updated program. It reviews the background in the development of the program followed by some simple examples. Then a comparison of actual test results with program output is presented. The session concludes with an analysis of smoke movement on an actual project using the program.

1. The Basic Concepts of CONTAM96
John H. Klote, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, John H. Klote, Inc., McLean, VA

2. Analyzing Corridor Smoke Venting Using CONTAM96
William A. Webb, P.E., Member, Performance Technology Consulting, Lake Bluff, IL

3. Comparison of CONTAM Results with Experimental Data from a 10-Story Tower
George Hadjisophocleous, Ph.D., P.E., National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

4. Use of CONTAM96 for High Rise Buildings
Michael Ferreira, P.E., Hughes Associates, Baltimore, MD

Forum 9
Is there a Need for Refrigeration System Guidelines?
Sponsor: TC 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, Jr., P.E., TU Electric
Moderator: Massoud Neshan, Hill Phoenix, Colonial Heights, VA
This forum addresses the issues arising with different types of refrigeration system designs used in a supermarket and how systems can be designed to optimize performance and energy consumption. What are some of the problems relative to each system type? What is the impact of environmental issues on refrigeration system design? These and other issues are addressed.

Forum 10
Issues in the Validation and Application of CFD Codes
Sponsor: TC 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
APC Liaison: William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky
Moderator: William D. Kennedy, P.E., Member, Parsons Brinkerhoff, New York, NY
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes are used in tunnel ventilation engineering to evaluate the effectiveness of ventilation systems and the movement of smoke. Also, they are applied in most other energy fields. However, there are concerns regarding the validation and application of these codes. This forum allows open discussion of the latest status of CFD code application and validation.

Forum 11
Effects of New Technology on Existing O&M Practices
Sponsor: TC 01.07 Operation and Maintenance Management
APC Liaison: William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky
Moderator: William McCartney, Member, Isotherm Engineering Ltd., Mississauga, ON, Canada
The move to more sophisticated electronic components, computer operated control systems, and computerized maintenance programs requires that the O&M technician understand these technologies. The forum seeks knowledge on whether the training is being done on new personnel.

Forum 12
How Can You Get More from Your Curtain Wall?
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, Jr., P.E., TU Electric
Moderator: Steve Selkowitz, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
Curtain wall facades are important architectural elements in many commercial buildings, and can have a major impact on HVAC system sites, energy use, and occupant comfort. This forum explores how design strategies and new technologies influence these important aspects of curtain wall performance.

Refrigerant Research
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, P.E., RM Suggs Co.

Empirical Correlations for the Modeling of HFC-134a Through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes (4277)
Claudio Melo, Ph.D., Member, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis - SC, Brazil; Carlos Boabaid Neto, Technical School of Santa Catarina, Sao Jose, Brazil; Rogerio T.S. Ferreira, Ph.D., Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis SC, Brazil
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on capillary tubes commonly used as expansion device in household refrigerators and freezers. The experiments were performed with HFC-134a at different condensing pressures and levels of subcooling. The pressure and temperature profiles along the capillary tubes were measured in each test run. The data set was then used to evaluate the suitability of some equations previously reported in the literature for the single phase friction factor, the underpressure of vaporization and the entrance contraction loss factor.

Equilibrium Water Capacity of Desiccants in Mixtures of HFC Refrigerants and Appropriate Lubricants (4278) (RP-867)
Sponsor: TC 03.02 Refrigerant System Chemistry
Rich Cavestri, Ph.D., Member, Imagination Resources, Inc., Dublin, OH; William R. Schafer, Imagination Resources, Inc., Dublin, OH
This study ascertained the equilibrium water capacity with circulating HFC-134a for three prominent desiccants from three manufacturers as mixtures in an equal ratio of 1:1:1. The desiccants were: (1) molecular sieve, (2) alumina beads, and (3) two 100% alumina bonded cores.

Multiphase Flow of Refrigerant 410a through Short Tube Orifices (4279)
W. Vance Payne, Ph.D., Student Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD; Dennis L. O'Neal, Ph.D., Fellow, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
The (near) azeotropic refrigerant R-410a, a mixture of 50% R-32 and 50% R-125 by mass, was tested in critical flow through short tube orifices at a range of simulated condensing temperatures and evaporating conditions. Downstream pressure, upstream pressure, upstream subcooling/quality, short tube diameter, and short tube length were studied to determine their effects on refrigerant mass flow rate. Comparisons were made with R-22 for comparable evaporating and condensing conditions.

On the Development of Rating Correlations for R-134a Flowing through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes (4280)
Sih-Li Chen, Ph.D., Member, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; , Chen-Hua Liu, Ph.D., P.E., Chin-Min College, Miao-Li, Taiwan, R. O. C.; Ching-Song Jwo, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Lee-Ming College, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
This paper provides application rating correlations for R-134a flowing through adiabatic capillary tubes. The proposed correlations, while in the form of algebra equations, are quite simple and versatile. They can be used to calculate the mass flux and pressure drop directly from a given capillary tube selection. The optimum capillary size illustrated in examples to demonstrate the rating methods by using the proposed correlations. The rating correlations are especially useful for system computer simulation, when capillary tubes serve as a metering device.

Study of the Fractionation of Refrigerant Blends in Contact with Lubricants and Measurement of the Solubility, Density and Viscosity (4281) (RP-779)
Sponsor: TC 03.04 Lubrication
Richard C. Cavestri, Ph.D., Member and Eric Falconi, Imagination Resources, Inc., Dublin, OH
The fractionation of two refrigerant blends was studied using the gas equilibrium method. The amount of fractionation was measured by maintaining a constant composition of the refrigerant gas vapor over the lubricant which was equal in composition to the liquid refrigerant gas blend introduced into the viscometer. Smoothed graphical data presented were obtained for individual isothermal measurements. These individual isothermal measurement temperatures detail the composition of the equilibrium gas fractionation of R-32 and R-124a in the lubricant, mixed vapor pressure, concentration of the total mixed blend as percent by weight in the lubricant and centistokes.

Symposium SE-99-09
Application of New Technologies in the Design of District Heating and Cooling
Sponsor: TC 06.02 District Heating and Cooling
APC Liaison: Daniel J. Dettmers, EPRI HVAC&R Center
Chair: Ron Nelson, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Enio O. Kainlauri, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
This symposium presents several new technologies that can be used for the design and evaluation of district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. This information provides a better understanding of how DHC systems operate.

1. An AHP Approach for the Evaluation of Geothermal District Energy Systems
A. Eltez, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; I.B. Kilkis, METU, Ankara, Turkey; Muhammed Eltez, Ph.D., Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

2. Infrared Thermography for Condition Assessment of Buried District Heating Piping
Gary Phetteplace, Ph.D., P.E., Member, U.S. Army Cold Regions Lab, Hanover, NH

3. Dynamics of Primary/Secondary Chilled Water Systems
Kirby P. Nelson, P.E., Member, Paul Mueller Co., Springfield, MO

4. TEA -- Temperature and Energy Accumulated
Bent A. Borresen, Member and Audun V. Marken, Techno Consult AS, Sandvika, Norway

Symposium SE-99-10
Proven Strategies for Reducing Building's Energy Impact on the Environment
Sponsor: TC 01.10 Energy Resources
APC Liaison: Ismena V. Deacon, C.Eng., Ove Arup & Partners
Chair: Mark Case, P.E., Member, etc Group, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT
ASHRAE members have expressed a need for documented, proven strategies for reducing buildings impact on the environment. This symposium presents four well-documented successful building projects that have proven reductions in overall impact on the environment. These papers stress the importance of whole building design and how building envelope and systems can be integrated to work with the surrounding environment and the activities

1. Improving the Environmental Performance of a Small-Scale Industrial Building Project
Janice C. Peterson, P.E., Member, Nathan L. Good, Ron W. Parr, Randy D. Nicolay and Robert Millican, Portland General Electric, Portland, OR

2. Low-Energy Building Design: The Process and a Case Study
Paul Torcellini, P.E., Associate Member, Sheila Hayter, P.E., Member and Ronald Judkoff, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

3. Breeam Strategy for Reducing Buildings' Environmental Impacts
Jiri Skopek, ECD Energy and Environment Canada Ltd., Toronto, ON, Canada

4. Process Makes Product: The C.K. Choi Building for the Institute of Asian Research at the University of British Columbia
Jorge Marques, Freda R. Pagani, Ph.D. and Joanne Perdue, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Symposium SE-99-11
Residential Ventilation and IAQ
Sponsor: TC 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
APC Liaison: Sally A. Hooks, Ascendix Group
Chair: Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
With the advent of residential codes, standards, and energy efficiency programs, the topic of residential ventilation has become of more interest to the profession and industry. This symposium reviews the field and examines current approaches and technologies.

1. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Moisture and Combustion Products
Daniel E. Hadlich, Albuquerque, NM; David T. Grimsrud, Ph.D., Member, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

2. Residential Pollutants and Ventilation Strategies: Volatile Organic Compounds and Radon
David T. Grimsrud, Ph.D., Member, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Daniel E. Hadlich, , Albuquerque, NM

3. Passive Ventilation for Residential Air Quality Control
James Axley, Ph.D., Member, Yale University, New Haven, CT

4. Occupant Interaction with Washington State Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Code Mandated Whole House Ventilation Systems: Telephone Survey Results
John H. Devine, Rick Kunkle, P.E. and Michael R. Lubliner, Member, Washington State University Energy Program, Olympia, WA

5. Simplified Tools for Evaluating Domestic Ventilaiton Systems
Lars-Göran Månsson, Member, LGM Consult AB, Tullinge, Sweden; Malcolm S. Orne, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, England

Seminar 17
Introducing the ASHRAE Draft Guide on Prevention of Legionellosis
Sponsor: TC 03.06 Corrosion and Water Treatment
APC Liaison: Colleen S. Smith, P.E., Florida Power Co.
Chair: Scott Mayes, Member, Marley Cooling Tower Co., Overland Park, KS
This seminar introduces the draft ASHRAE guidance document on prevention of Legionella in building water systems.

1. GPC- 12 (Guide to Minimize Legionellosis in Building Water Systems) - an Overview
David F. Geary, Member, Baltmore Aircoil Co., Baltimore, MD

2. What is Legionellosis?
Barry Fields, Ph.D., Member, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA

3. Legionella in HVAC Systems and Cooling Towers
Mark Hodgson, Associate Member, Clayton Group Services, Edison, NJ

4. Legionella in Potable Water Systems
Janet G. Stout, Ph.D., Member, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA

Seminar 18
Is ASHRAE's 80% Acceptability Criteria Adequate?
Sponsor: TC 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
APC Liaison: Chad B. Dorgan, P.E., Dorgan Associates, Inc.
Chair: Matthew Klein, P.E., Member, Indoor Air Quality Solutions, Bethel, OH
ASHRAE uses a comfort satisfaction criteria of 80% in Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, as well as other comfort oriented standards. This seminar reviews the history of the 80% acceptability criteria, applicability, and alternative criteria and methods for achieving acceptable comfort.

1. The Acceptability Concept as a Basis for HVAC Design: A Historical Perspective and a Prediction
P. Ole Fanger, Fellow, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

2. The 80% Acceptance Criterion: What Does It Mean?
Gary Raw, D. Phil., Healthy Building Centre, BRE, Watford, England

3. Individual Control Is the Only Way to Achieve 80-100% Acceptability
David P. Wyon, Ph.D., Member, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, WI

4. An Economic Criterion for Acceptability
Clifford Federspiel, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA

5. Modeling Statistical Variations in Occupant Comfort
Eric Adams, Ph.D., Member, Carrier Corp., Syracuse, NY

Seminar 19
Life Cycle Cost Procurement of Chillers
Sponsor: TC 08.02 Centrifugal Machines
APC Liaison: Janet M. Lynch, Johnson Controls, Inc.
Chair: Earl M. Clark, P.E., Fellow, DuPont, Houston, TX
How do you decide which chiller is best for your application? How do you evaluate operating cost versus energy versus investment? How do you decide when to replace an existing chiller? This seminar presents the technique of Life Cycle Cost evaluation. Speakers discuss the various aspects of simplifying the procurement of chillers and the methods of comparing one alternative to another.

1. Life Cycle Cost Evaluations: An Operations Perspective
John I. Vucci, Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

2. Life Cycle Cost Evaluations: A Manufacturer's Perspective
James P. Douglas, York International, Malvern, PA

3. Using Lowest Life Cycle Cost to Specify and Purchase Chillers
Stephen Kale, P.E., Member, Systematic Mgmt. Services, Germantown, MD

Seminar 20
Transcritical CO₂ Systems in Transportation Sector
Sponsor: TC 10.06 Transport Refrigeration
APC Liaison: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University of Belgrade
Chair: Pega Hrnjak, Ph.D., Member, ACRC, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
This seminar presents the state of the art in research and manufacturing of refrigeration systems that operate with transcritical CO2 cycle. Both road and laboratory experiences are presented. Trends and improvements are disscussed.

1. State of the Art: Transcritical CO₂ Technology in Transportation
Clark Bullard, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

2. Carbon Dioxide as a Refrigerant: Why Is It Better than Expected?
Jostein Pettersen, Member, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

3. Second Year of Buses and Trucks with Transcritical CO₂ Units in Germany
Juergen Koehler, Dr.Ing., Konvekta, Schwalmstadt, Germany

4. Achieving Laboratory Performance on the Road: Control Issues in Systems with Transcritical CO2
Pega Hrnjak, Ph.D., Member, ACRC, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

Forum 13
IAQ-To Dehumidify or to Air Condition-That Is the Question
Sponsor: TC 07.05 Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Moderator: Reinhold Kittler, P.E., Member, Dectron, Inc., Virginia Beach, VA
Mechanical dehumidification has been the "ugly duckling" of the HVAC industry. ASHRAE Handbooks don't even mention beyond the very basic domestic basement type unit. Humidity control in large buildings is very energy intensive and also a major part of achieving IAQ. System designers and owner/operators have no guidelines how to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of different dehumidification solutions. Is a conventional air conditioning system suitable to control humidity and to provide an acceptable IAQ?

Forum 14
What Design Criteria Does an Engineer Need when Using Plastic Pipe?
Sponsor: TC 08.10 Pumps and Hyrdonic Piping
APC Liaison: James S. Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Moderator: James (Burt) Rishel, P.E., Fellow, Life Member, Systecon, Inc., West Chester, OH
Plastic pipe (PVC & CPVC) requires special care when designing and installing it in HVAC systems. Friction losses of fittings must be checked along with supporting procedures and possibilities of hydraulic shock.

Forum 15
Air Quality within Ice Rinks
Sponsor: TC 10.02 Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks
APC Liaison: James S. Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Moderator: Brian Simkins, Member, Munters - DryCool, Beverly, MA
This forum addresses the inconsistency in existing standards and codes pertaining to ice arena air quality.

Forum 16
Do We Know Everything We Need to Know About New Lubricants?
Sponsor: TC 03.04 Lubrication, TC 03.02 Refrigerant System Chemistry, TC 03.03, Refrigerant Contaminant Control, TC 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
In recent years, synthetic lubricants (PAGs and POEs) have become the preferred lubricants for service with HFC refrigerants. A broad spectrum of research work has been accomplished and reported. Does this complete the body of knowledge required by design engineers and OEMs?

Symposium SE-99-12
Advances in Evaluating Window Performance
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration
APC Liaison: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University of Belgrade
Chair: William C. duPont, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Washington, DC
Window and other fenestration systems have undergone dramatic changes in the last 20 years. Twenty years ago, we could hope at best to see a double-glazed window, which was not framed in continuous aluminum. Today, we can buy R-4 windows as a widely available product at a reasonable cost. However, the state of the art in fenestration technology keeps improving and so, this group of papers discuss some of the latest research ideas and findings that will contribute to the future technologies built into windows.

1. Determination of the Overall Heat Transmission Coefficient (U-Value) of Vacuum Glazing
Thomas M. Simko, Ph.D., The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Richard E. Collins, Ph.D., P.E., The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

2. Convective Heat Transfer Correlations for Fenestration Glazing Cavities: A Review
Yie Zhao, Ph.D., 100 Technical Drive, Alcoa Center, PA; Dragan Curcija, Ph.D., Member and William P. Goss, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

3. A New Approach to Edge-Glass Temperature Prediction and Its Application to Predicting Thermal Breakage in Insulated Glazing Units
John L. Wright, Ph.D., P.Eng. Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Christopher J. Barry, P.E., Member, Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., Toledo, OH

4. Comparison of the Thermal Performance of an Exhaust-Air Window and a Supply-Air Window
Kamel H. Haddad, Ph.D., P.E. and Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Symposium SE-99-13
Application of Heat and Mass Balance Methods to Energy and Thermal Load Calculations
Sponsor: TC 04.07 Energy Calculations
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Mathaudhu Engineering, Inc.
Chair: Charles S. Barnaby, Associate Member, Wrightsoft, Lexington, MA
The loads calculation portion of building energy simulation has traditionally focused on obtaining first order estimates of space temperature and heating/cooling requirements. Complicated physical processes, such as convective transfer, are represented with fixed coefficients. Other processes, including surface moisture transfer and air flow between spaces, are often grossly simplified or not modeled at all. This symposium documents ongoing research that investigates the practical significance of current model short comings, explores model extensions to remedy them, and compares solution techniques necessitated by more complete models.

1. On the Significance of Modelling Internal Surface Convection in Dynamic Whole-Building Simulation Programs
Ian Beausoleil-Morrison, Member, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Paul A. Strachan, Ph.D., University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland

2. Modeling the Energy Effects of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Building Elements: Part 1, Theory
Richard J. Liesen, Ph.D., Associate Member and Curtis O. Pederson, Ph.D., Fellow, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

3. Modeling the Energy Effects of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Building Elements: Part 2, Application to a Building Analysis Program and Examples
Richard J. Liesen, Ph.D., Associate Member and Curtis O. Pederson, Ph.D., Fellow, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

4. A Comparison of Coupled and De-Coupled Solutions for Temperature and Air-Flow in a Building
Jan Hensen, Ph.D., Member, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland

Seminar 21
Air Quality Improvement with Reduced Energy Use in an Educational Facility in a Northern Environment
Sponsor: TC 05.07 Evaporative Cooling
APC Liaison: Chad B. Dorgan, P.E., Dorgan Associates, Inc.
Chair: Gursaran D. Mathur, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Zexel USA Corp., Grand Prairie, TX
This seminar discusses a truly green project, the overall concept, critical elements of that concept, and the manner in which different technologies can be integrated with each other to create a synergism between processes to eliminate waste, dramatically increase system efficiency, improve the occupied environment, and displace energy intensive processes in a way that reduces construction, maintenance, and operating costs.

1. Anatomy of a Green HVAC System Design
Mark S. Lentz, P.E., Member, Lentz Engineering Associates, Inc., Sheboygan Falls, WI

2. Principles of Dehumidification with Direct Evaporative Cooling Equipment
James A. Meyer, Member, Glacier-Cor Tenneco Packaging, Scottsdale, AZ

3. Use of Ozone to Facilitate Effective Maintenance of Evaporative Cooling Systems
Leon E. Shapiro, Member, ADA Systems, Wood Dale, IL

4. Green Cooling System Design
Mark S. Lentz, P.E., Member, Lentz Engineering Associates., Inc., Sheboygan Falls, WI

Seminar 22
Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Applications: Issues and Solutions
Sponsor: TC 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation
APC Liaison: Daniel J. Dettmers, EPRI HVAC&R Center
Chair: Kevin Knappmiller, Ph.D., Member, KEVTEC, LLC, Frisco, CO
This seminar focuses on the critical concerns in the design of commercial kitchen ventilation systems. The scope of these concerns span the building and include the energy use of the facility, special requirements for wood burning systems, hood design and performance, the impact of ventilation on food safety, and the rooftop exhaust fan performance and external impacts.

1. Monitoring the Performance of an Energy Efficient Restaurant
Richard Young, PG&E Food Service Technology Center, San Ramon, CA

2. Wood-Fired Cooking Equipment: Practical Limits in Effluent and Odor Control
Don Fisher, P.E., Associate Member, Fisher-Nickel, Inc., Danville, CA

3. Design Optimization of Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Hoods Using Schlieren Flow Visualization
Rich Swierczyna, Member, Architectural Energy Corp., Wood Dale, IL

4. Partners In Public Safety
Tom Johnson, Associate Member, Johnson Commercial Agents, Mendota Heights, MN

5. Commercial Kitchen: Exhaust Alternatives to the Upblast PRV
John A. Clark, P.E., Member, Hammel, Green and Abrahamson, Inc., Eagan, MN

Seminar 23
Earthquake Damage: Who's "Fault" Is It?
Sponsor: TC 02.07 Seismic Restraint Design
APC Liaison: Colleen S. Smith, P.E., Florida Power Co.
Chair: Paul Meisel, P.E., Member, Kinetics Noise Control, Dublin, OH
While all parties involved in designing and installing systems to restrain equipment do so in good faith, there are many interfacing points where historically problems have been prone to surface. The seismically restrained system bridges from the equipment to the building structure and covers many trades and design groups. This seminar highlights some of the issues and makes them more apparent to those responsible for the seismic performance of equipment restraint systems, identifies some of the shortcomings and investigates ways of ensuring that all key interfacing points are covered.

1. Practical Considerations for Attachment of Equipment, Reinforcing of Housekeeping Pads and Piers, Along with Pipe and Duct Bracing Rules
Patrick J. Lama, P.E., Member, Mason Industries, Inc., Hauppange, NY

2. Piping Systems/Specification Issues
Scott Gibbs, P.E., CH2M Hill, Inc., Bellevue, WA

3. Issues Regarding Design and Installation of Duct Restraints
Robert P. Vlick, P.E., Member, Air Conditioning Company, Inc., Glendale, CA

4. The Effects of Equipment Loads on the Building Structure
William Staehlin, P.E., State of California, Sacramento, CA

5. Can Equipment Survive an Earthquake?
J. Marx Ayres, P.E., Fellow, , Los Angeles, CA

Seminar 24
Issues Update
Sponsor: Technical, Energy and Government Activities Committee
APC Liaison: James S. Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Chair: Mark E. Case, P.E., Member, etc Group, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT
This seminar features a mix of presentations on topics of both national and regional interest: "Credit For Early Action"proposals mentioned in U.S. President Clinton's State of the Union Address; the Kyoto Protocol's current hot topics; market transformation actions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; and regional hydroelectric power resources, including fish and wildlife interactions; new efficiency and renewable initiatives and the prospects of electric resource shortages.

1. The Kyoto Protocol and GCC Players: Who They Are, What They Want and Why
Mark Stanga, York International, Arlington, VA

2. Pew Center for Global Climate Change
Jerry Hapka, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA

3. Electric Resources in the Pacific Northwest: Fish and Wildlife, Efficiency, Renewable, and Potential Shortages
Tom Karier, Ph.D., Northwest Power Planning Council, Spokane, WA

4. The New DSM - Regional Market Transformation Initiatives
Ken Keaping, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, Portland, OR

Seminar 25
Ventilation in Residences: Mechanical versus Non-Mechanical
Sponsor: TC 05.05 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
APC Liaison: Janet M. Lynch, Johnson Controls, Inc.