San Francisco Winter Meeting Technical Program
January 17-21, 1998 Sunday, January 18, 1998
8:00 AM - 10:00 AM Technical Session 1

Room: Salon 14-15
An Analysis of the Performance of Different Intermittent Heating Controllers and an Evaluation of Comfort and Energy Consumption (HVAC&R RSCH JRNL OCT '97) (4091)
Gilles Fraisse, Joseph Virgone, Ph.D., and Jean Brau, Member, Centre de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Villeurbanne, France
APC Liaison: James Vallort, NICOR, Inc.

This paper presents a new controller, based on fuzzy logic, to be used to control heating systems in intermittently occupied buildings. Comparisons with classical control methods demonstrate that the fuzzy controller gave superior results in terms of the control and optimization of the recovery time after setback. For each case, the differences in comfort and energy consumption between the different types of room were studied.

Development of District Heating and Cooling Plants Operations Support System (4092)
Yoshihiko Iawasaki, Tokyo Electric Power Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Shuichirou Kobayashi, Akihiro Nagaiwa, and Yukihiro Yamada, Toshiba Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
APC Liaison: James Vallort, NICOR, Inc.

This paper describes a district heating and cooling (DHC) plant operation support system and an on-line heat load prediction system. Shifting daytime electric power load to night by the use of thermal storage is especially advantageous for DHC plants using electricity. For effective plant operation, a schedule of DHC plant operation based on hourly heat load prediction of the next day should be made. The operation support system has two subsystems: first, the heat load prediction subsystem, which is necessary for heat pump operation, and second, the similar days selection subsystem from which similar days are selected from results of past plant operation.

Extending the Concept of Energy Delivery Efficiency of HVAC Systems (4093)
T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, Mingsheng Liu, Ph.D., Associate Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, Srinivas Katipamula, Ph.D., Member, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA, D. E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas A&M, University, College Station, TX
APC Liaison: James Vallort, NICOR, Inc.

This paper extends the theoretical development of the Energy Delivery Efficiency (EDE) concept for one-zone and two-zone buildings to include supply air latent effects and economizer operation, defines how ideal HVAC systems should be operated and controlled so that energy use is minimized while meeting required outdoor ventilation flow, and evaluates the extent to which heating and cooling energy use of such ideal HVAC systems differ from EDE (1-zone) and EDE (2-zone).

Knowledge-Based Sizing of Cogeneration Plants in Buildings (4094)
Jonathan M. Williams and Anthony J. Griffiths, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff, United Kingdom, Ian P. Knight, Ph.D., Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff, United Kingdom
APC Liaison: James Vallort, NICOR, Inc.

Cogeneration is now accepted as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly means of meeting some of a building's heating and power needs. A decision support tool has been developed to aid engineers in selecting the optimum in both new builds and retrofits. This paper briefly describes the model and demonstrates its use through an example feasibility study.

WYEC2 User's Manual and Software Toolkit (4095) (RP-728)
James R. Augustyn, P.E., Associate Member, Augustyn & Company, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: James Vallort, NICOR, Inc.

ASHRAE Technical Committee 4.2, Weather Information (TC 4.2), has commissioned development of a second generation of hourly weather files for energy calculations, called the Weather Year for Energy Calculations Version 2. These files, and their revised format, represent a significant improvement over the original set of WYEC files first developed a quarter century ago. This paper describes both the process and rationale for WYEC2 development, and describes a companion WYEC2 User's Manual and Software Toolkit, which was also commissioned by TC 4.2 to aid ASHRAE's members in the use and application of the WYEC2 hourly weather files.

Symposium SF-98-01
Room: Salon 1
Design, Operating and Maintenance of GSHP Systems: Part 1
Sponsor: TC 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization
Chair: George Penn, Member, Global Energy Options, Madison, WI
APC Liaison: Ira Poston, Duke Power Company
This symposium discusses topics related to designing, operating and maintaining ground source heat pumps, including both open-loop and closed-loop systems. The first paper discusses the operations of a hybrid system. The second paper focuses on the design and operation of a GSHP system in China. The third paper presents the approach and results of designing a GSHP system using thermal conductivity testing.

1. Performance of a Hybrid GSHP System
Gary E. Phetteplace, Ph.D., P.E., Member, U.S. Army Cold Regions Laboratory, Hanover, NH, and William Sullivan, Ph.D., Member, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM

2. Ground-Source Heat Pump Design and Operation: Experience Within an Asian Country
William S. Fleming, Member, SAIC, Cazenovia, NY

3. Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Loop Design Using Thermal Conductivity Testing
Elliott H. Spilker, Associate Member, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, NE

Symposium SF-98-02
Room: Nob Hill D
Energy Savings of Reflective Roofs: Part 1
Sponsor: TC 09.06 Systems Energy Utilization
Chair: Hashem Akbari, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: Filza Hassan, SHG Inc.
Results of several experiments on individual buildings in California and Florida have shown that light-colored roofs significantly reduce air-conditioning energy use, while darker roofs more quickly warm the air over urban areas, leading to the creation of summer urban "heat islands." Increasing the albedo (solar reflectivity) of roofs can limit or reverse an urban heat island effectively and inexpensively. This symposium discusses the literature data and new research efforts to analyze impact of light-colored roofs on buildings cooling and heating energy use.

1. Cool Roofs Save Energy
Hashem Akbari, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

2. Measured Performance of a Reflective Roofing System in a Florida Commercial Building
Danny S. Parker, Associate Member, John R. Sherwin, Student Member, and J. Sonne, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL

3. Radiation Control Coatings Installed on Rough-Surfaced Built-Up Roofs -- Initial Results
Thomas W. Petrie, Ph.D., Member, Phillip W. Childs, Jeffrey E. Christian, Member, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN

4. Assessing the Impacts of White Roofs on Building Energy Loads
Eric W. Hilbrandt, Wim Bos, Associate Member, Robert Moore, Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Sacramento, CA

Symposium SF-98-03
Room: Nob Hill C
Heat Transfer in Special Fenestration: Skylights, Greenhouse and Garden Windows: Part 1
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration
Chair: Michael E. McCabe, Ph.D., P.E., Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
APC Liaison: Larry Degelman, P.E., Texas A&M Univeristy
Papers describing experimental and theoretical studies of heat transfer in specialty fenestration are presented. This research fills a significant gap in fundamental knowledge of heat transfer in the specialty fenestration systems frequently used in non-residential buildings. Basic knowledge of heat flow in skylights and curtain walls provide analysts and energy code officials with the tools to estimate energy performance for extensively glazed commercial buildings. Part 1 focuses on skylights and greenhouse and garden windows.

1. Greenhouse Window U-Factors Under Field Conditions
Joe Klems, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

2. Simulation and Testing of Pyramid and Barrel Vault Skylights (RP-877)
Alex McGowan, P.E., Member, Enermodal Engineering, Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, Andre O. Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, John L. Wright, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

3. Improving Computer Simulations of Heat Transfer for Projecting Fenestration Products: Using Radiation View-Factor
Brent Griffith, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, Dragan Curcija, Ph.D., Member, Carli, Inc., Amherst, MA; Daniel Turler and Dariush Arasteh, P.E., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

4. Guidelines for Modeling Projecting Fenestration Products
Dariush Arasteh, P.E., Member, and Elizabeth Finlayson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; Dragan Curcija, Ph.D., Member, Carli, Inc., Amherst, MA; Jeff Baker, P.E., WestLab, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; and Charlie Huizenga, University of California, Berkeley, CA

Symposium SF-98-04
Room: Salon 10-11
HVAC Is For People
Sponsor: TC 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
Chair: Gail S. Brager, Ph.D., Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: Chad Dorgan, Dorgan Associates Inc.
With few exceptions, most HVAC systems are for people. This symposium features five papers that uniquely contribute to our understanding of how the design, operation and maintenance of HVAC systems impact building occupants. Papers include a laboratory study of the effect of the body's thermal plume on temperature and air velocity patterns. Another laboratory study examines if comfort models and standards are appropriate for people with disabilities. A third paper defines "comfort" in a broader context, as the effect of HVAC noise on people. A fourth paper studies radiant cooling from the ceiling combined with displacement ventilation to understand its impact on comfort. The fifth paper describes an extensive analysis of 23,500 unsolicited complaints and responses that will be useful for designing a dispatching policy and significantly reducing the labor cost of HVAC maintenance.

1. Interaction of Air Motion with the Human Body (RP-978)
J. B. Myers, Student Member, Mohammad H. Hosni, Ph.D., Member, and Byron W. Jones, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

2. Thermal Comfort for People With Physical Disabilities
Lynda Webb, Ph.D., and Kenneth C. Parsons, Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom

3. Making Noise Comfortable for People
Geoff Leventhall, Digisonix Inc., Leatherhead, Surrey, United Kingdom, and Steve Wise, Associate Member, Digisonix Inc., Madison, WI

4. Designing for Thermal Comfort in Chilled Ceiling/Displacement Ventilation Environments
Dennis L. Loveday, Ph.D., and Kenneth C. Parsons, Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK; Ahmed H. Taki, Ph.D., Member, De. Montfort University, Leicestershire, UK; and Simon G. Hodder and Lorne D. Jeal, Loughborough University, Leicesterhire, United Kingdom

5. Statistical Analysis of Unsolicited Thermal Sensation Complaints in Commercial Buildings
Clifford C. Federspiel, Ph.D., Associate Member, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, WI

Seminar 1
Room: Salon 2
Benefits of Integrating HVAC with Non-HVAC Building Systems
Sponsor: TC 01.04 Control Theory and Application; TG04.SBS Smart Building Systems; SSPC 135 BACnet
Chair: H. Michael Newman, Member, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
APC Liaison: Janet Lynch-Szaniawski, Johnson Controls Inc.
Most recent applications of building equipment network integration have involved only HVAC control systems. Many non-HVAC systems, however, are now supervised or controlled by microprocessors capable of digital communication. This seminar explores the benefits of tying both HVAC and non-HVAC equipment into comprehensive building automation systems.

1. Integration - The Range of Possibilities
Paul Turnbull, Member, Landis & Staefa, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL

2. Benefit of Life Safety System Integration to Owners
Patrick Sheridan, SIMPLEX, Gardner, MA

3. Integrating Multi-Vendor Building Systems: Where is the Value to the Building Operator?
Brian Kammers, P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, Milwaukee, WI

4. Industrial Energy Information Through Systems Integration
Martin Applebaum, P.E., Member, Energy Simulation Specialists, Inc., Tempe, AZ

Seminar 2
Room: Salon 7
Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling
Sponsor: TG 09.CTIC Combustion Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Systems
Chair: William E. Stewart, Ph.D., P.E., Member, InterMountain Research, Olathe, KS
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, The University of Alabama
Increasing combustion turbine inlet air-flow rate is a common modification to increase power and net efficiency of power generation equipment, such as automobile engines with inlet air compressors (turbors) and power producing combustion turbines with supercharging or inlet air cooling. Many designs are available for combustion turbine inlet air cooling. This seminar highlights some of the information that needs to be considered in applying modifications to CTIAC systems, including accepted methods and techniques used in CTIAC applications and a review of several successful installations.

1. District Energy Application of Combustion Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
John S. Andrepont, Member, Trigen Energy Corp., Chicago, IL

2. Increase Combustion Turbine Power Output Through Evaporative Cooling
Anthony M. Spinelli, Member, Munters Corp., Fort Myers, FL

3. Waste Energy CTIC Power Stabilization System - Butterworth Hospital Cogeneration Plant
Douglas M. Brant, P.E., BETA Design Group, Inc., Grand Rapids, MI

4. The Application of Thermal Energy Storage for District Cooling and Combustion Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
Jerry Ebeling, P.E., Member, Burns & McDonnell, Kansas City, MO

5. The Psychrometrics of Turbine Inlet Air Cooling
William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Member, InterMountain Research, Olathe, KS

6. Combustion Turbine Capacity Augmentation Utilizing Inlet Air Direct Contact Cooling and Compression
John Shell, P.E., Member, and Thomas L. Davis, P.E., Member, Carolina Power and Light Co., Raleigh, NC

Seminar 3
Room: Salon 8
Control of Fire and Smoke In Buildings
Sponsor: TC 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: Anil Saigal, Member, Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL
APC Liaison: Debra Catanese
This seminar focuses on issues relating to design approval and inspection of smoke control systems in buildings. Presentations examine the design of smoke control from the perspectives of the specifier, building mechanical review official, fire service professional, and product designer. Each perspective presents requirements and current issues with implementation of smoke control in buildings. Illustrative case studies also are presented.

1. Design and Specification of Performance Based Approach to Smoke Control
Michael Dillon, P.E., Fellow, Dillon Consulting Engineers, Inc., Long Beach, CA

2. Building Department Perspective of Smoke Control in Buildings
Arthur M. Bree, P.E., City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

3. Smoke Control Design - Fire Service Perspective
Thomas E. Harvey, City and County of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

4. Smoke Control and Product Design
Robert G. Dittrich, Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL

Forum 1
Room: Salon 12-13
Apparatus Dew Point Calculating Procedures: Why Isn't It Being Used for Freezer Designs
Sponsor: TC 01.01 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics; TC 10.08 Refrigeration Load Calculations
Moderator: George Smith, P.E., Life Member ASHRAE, HCR, Inc., Lewistown, MT
Moderator: S. A. Sherif, Ph.D., Member, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, R.M. Suggs Company
The "ADP" calculation procedure for air-cooling processes located average coil-surface temperature on the saturation curve and relates moisture removal and heat transfer at the coil to the sensible and latent heat-gains of the room. Used in conjunction with the adiabatic air-mixing process, these two "straight-line" psychrometric principles define the occurrence of moisture precipitation (including in and around freezer doorways) and measures that fundamentally apply to its prevention or extraction. This forum addresses the question: "Why isn't ADP being used for freezer design?"

Forum 2
Room: Nob Hill A
Filter Drier Issues with POEs
Sponsor: TC 03.03 Refrigerant Contamination Control; TC 03.02 Refrigerant System Chemistry
Moderator: Dietrich Huttenlocher, Ph.D., Member, Chemistry and Lubrication of Refrigeration Systems, Louisville, KY
APC Liaison: Charles McDowell, Alabama Power Company
Questions have been raised about the use of filter driers in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems operating with HFC refrigerants and POE lubricants. Concerns include the chemical reactivity of POEs with filter drier desiccants, the desiccant catalyzed hydrolysis of these lubricants and on the high water retention capacity of the POEs. This forum discusses these issues to determine the possible need for ASHRAE-sponsored research in this area.

Forum 3
Room: Nob Hill B
What Is Needed in a Duct Design Manual
Sponsor: TC 05.02 Duct Design
Moderator: Patrick J. Brooks, P.E., Member, United McGill Corporation, Columbus, OH
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Home Care Building Systems
Within the past ten years a new duct design method, T-Method, has been developed, a new standard on measuring losses in duct systems has been written (SPC I2OP Methods of Testing to Determine Flow Resistance of HVAC Air Ducts and Fittings), a computerized data base of fitting losses has been created, and many fitting types have been researched to determine their pressure losses. It is now time to combine these into a design manual showing explicit examples. This forum helps establish what the scope of the manual should be.

Forum 04
Forum 4
Room: Nob Hill A
Does Today's Leak Detection Equipment for HFC's Meet Field and Factory Needs?
Sponsor: TC 03.08 Refrigerant Containment
Moderator: Denis Clodic, Ph.D., Associate Member, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Paris, France
APC Liaison: Charles McDowell, Alabama Power Company
Traditional electronic leak detection of refrigerants relied on the presence of chlorine, which HFCs do not contain. This forum focuses on how to develop reliable leak detectors for HFCs and on possible needs for ASHRAE-sponsored research.

Forum 5
Room: Nob Hill B
How Can I Best Apply Cold- Air Distribution?
Sponsor: TC 05.03 Room Air Distribution; TC 06.09 Thermal Storage
Moderator: James Elleson, P.E., Member, Elleson Engineering, Black Earth, WI
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Home Care Building Systems
Cold-air distribution systems, which supply air for space conditioning at temperatures of 40-50 degrees fahrenheit, are being installed in increasing numbers. This forum discusses recommendations in the ASHRAE Design Guide for Cold-Air Distribution Systems, which provides design engineers and building owners with the basic information needed to design, install and operate successful cold-air distribution systems.

Forum 6
Room: Salon 12-13
What Would You Do if You Had Internet Access to Your Building Control System?
Sponsor: TC 01.05 Computer Applications
Moderator: Pornsak Songkakul, Associate Member, D. Eng., Landis & Staefa, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, R. M. Suggs Company
Several control vendors are beginning to provide an Internet connection capability to their Building Management and Control Systems (BMCS). What is emerging is the utilization of the Internet and its backbone protocol TCP/IP as a method to access and distribute data from the BMCS. This forum discusses how building owners, facility managers, building operators, contractors, among others use the capability, potential, benefits, issues and concerns discussed.

Symposium SF-98-05
Room: Salon 1
Design, Operating and Maintenance of GSHP Systems 2
Sponsor: TC 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization
Chair: Steven Carlson, P.E., Associate Member, CDH Energy Corp., Cazenovia, NY
APC Liaison: R M Suggs, P.E., R M Suggs Company
Topics related to designing, operating and maintaining ground source heat pumps are presented. Papers include discussions of design issues associated with open loop systems and the development of appropriate wells; results of a project to develop a design tool (software) for sizing the loop piping for closed loop systems; characteristics of acceptable antifreeze solutions in closed loop systems and concerns of state water management organizations; and the use of calibrated engineering modeling in the design of large scale GSHP systems.

1. Well Pumping Issues in Commercial Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
Kevin Rafferty, P.E., Member, Geo-Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR

2. Development of Design Tools for Ground Source Heat Pump Piping
Steve Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Member, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

3. Antifreeze Acceptability for Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Ground Loops in the United States
Karen R. DenBraven, Ph.D., Member, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID

4. Using Calibrated Engineering Models to Predict Energy Savings in Large-Scale Geothermal Heat Pump Projects
John A. Shonder, Member, and Patrick J. Hughes, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, and Jeff W. Thornton, Member, Thermal Energy System Specialists, Madison, WI

Symposium SF-98-06
Room: Nob Hill D
Energy Savings of Reflective Roofs: Part 2
Sponsor: TC 09.06 Systems Energy Utilization
Chair: Hashem Akbari, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Results of several experiments on individual buildings in California and Florida have shown that light-colored roofs significantly reduce air-conditioning energy use, while darker roofs more quickly warm the air over urban areas, leading to the creation of summer urban "heat islands." Increasing the albedo (solar reflectivity) of roofs can limit or reverse an urban heat island effectively and inexpensively. This symposium discusses the literature data and new research efforts to analyze impact of light-colored roofs on buildings cooling and heating energy use.

1. High Albedo Roof Coatings - Impact on Energy Consumption
James M. Akridge, P.E., Member, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

2. Measured and Simulated Performance of Reflective Roofing Systems in Residential Buildings
Danny S. Parker, Associate Member, Lixing Gu, Ph.D., and John R. Sherwin, Student Member, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL; Yu J. Huang, Associate Member, Lisa M. Gartland, Member, and Steven J. Konopacki, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

3. Calculations in Support of SSP 90.1 for Reflective Roofs
Hashem Akbari, Ph.D., Member, and Steven J. Konopacki, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; Danny S. Parker, Associate Member, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa Beach, FL; Bruce A. Wilcox, P.E., Member, Berkeley Solar Group, Oakland, CA; Charles N. Eley, P.E., Member, Eley Associates, San Francisco, CA; and Martha G. Van Geem, P.E., Member, Construction Tech Laboratories, Inc., Skokie, IL

Symposium SF-98-07
Room: Salon 10-11
Field Studies of Thermal Comfort and Adaptation: Part 1
Sponsor: TC 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
Chair: Gail S. Brager, Ph.D., Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: Filza Hassan, SHG Inc.
The adaptive approach to modeling thermal comfort acknowledges that thermal perception in "real buildings" can be influenced by a variety of contextual factors that are unaccounted for in laboratory studies or in the heat balance models and standards that are based on them. Field studies allow us to examine the thermal response of people who are naturally interacting with and adjusting to the thermal environment, thereby affecting their thermal expectations and preferences. Part 1 begins with a conceptual framework for understanding thermal adaptation. The following four papers each provide comparative results from field studies conducted in both air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings, including studies done in office buildings in the United Kingdom, a meta-analysis of data collected from field experiments in office buildings worldwide, and a field study of classrooms in the tropical climate of Hawaii.

1. Understanding the Adaptive Approach to Thermal Comfort
Michael A. Humphreys, Regent's Park College, Oxford, United Kingdom, and J. Fergus Nicol, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom

2. Perception of Comfort in Relation to Weather and Indoor Adaptive Opportunities
J. Fergus Nicol and Maria R. B. Kessler, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom

3. Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference (4106) (RP-884)
Richard De Dear, Ph.D., Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, and Gail S. Brager, Ph.D., Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA

4. Acceptable Temperature Ranges in Naturally Ventilated and Air-Conditioned Offices
Nigel Oseland, BRE, Watford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom

5. Thermal Comfort in Tropical Schools
Alison G. Kwok, Ph.D., Student Member, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Symposium SF-98-08
Room: Nob Hill C
Heat Transfer in Special Fenestration Systems: Curtain Walls: Part 2
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration
Chair: William DuPont, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Washington, DC
APC Liaison: James Buckley, P.E., 3D/International
Papers describing experimental and theoretical studies of heat transfer in specialty fenestration are presented. This research fills a significant gap in fundamental knowledge of heat transfer in the specialty fenestration systems frequently used in non-residential buildings. Basic knowledge of heat flow in skylights and curtain walls provides analysts and energy code officials with the tools to estimate energy performance for extensively glazed commercial buildings. Part 2 focuses on curtain walls.

1. Evaluation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient for Solar-Control Glazings and Shading Devices
Stephen Harrison, Ph.D., P.E., Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and Simon J. Van Wonderen, P.E., Arvin Industries, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada

2. The Significance of Bolts in the Thermal Performance of Curtain-Wall Frames for Glazed Facades
Brent Griffith, Elizabeth Finlayson, Mehrangiz Yazdanian and Dariush Arasteh, P.E., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

3. Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer Effects in Building Components
Stephen Carpenter, P.E., Member, and Alex McGowan, P.E., Member, Enermodal Engineering, Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Symposium SF-98-09
Room: Salon 14-15
Technological Advances in Radiant Heating and Cooling
Sponsor: TC 06.05 Radiant Space Heating and Cooling
Chair: Kirby S. Chapman, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Home Care Building Systems
This symposium provides a broad spectrum of technological advances in radiant heating and cooling, from an explanation of experimental results case studies to thermal comfort results from computer simulations. The papers provide an enhanced understanding of how radiant systems affect occupant thermal comfort and how convective and radiant systems can be combined to optimize thermal comfort delivery to the occupant.

1. Impact of Surface Characteristics on Radiant Panel Output
P. Calvin Lindstrom, Student Member, Daniel E. Fisher, Ph.D., Member, and Curtis O. Pedersen, Ph.D., Fellow, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

2. Simplified Thermal Comfort Evaluation of MRT Gradients and Power Consumption Predicted With the BCAP Methodology
Jeanne M. DeGreef, Student Member, and Kirby S. Chapman, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

3. Basic Study on Radiative and Convective Heat Exchange in a Room with Floor Heating
Haruo Hanibuchi, Sekisui House, Ltd., Soraku, Kyoto, Japan, and Shuichi Hokoi, Member, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan

4. Case Study: Seven System Analysis of Thermal Comfort and Energy Use for a Fast-Acting Radiant Heating System
Richard Watson, Member, SSHC Inc., Old Saybrook, CT; and Kirby S. Chapman, Ph.D., Member, and Jeanne M. DeGreef, Student Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS

5. An Analytical Model for the Design of In-Slab Electric Heating Panels
Timothy L. Ritter, and Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Member, Heatway, Springfield, MD

Seminar 4
Room: Salon 8
Automated Response to Real-Time Pricing
Sponsor: TG 04.SBS, Smart Building Systems
Chair: Ron Kammerud, Ph.D., Member, Paradigm Consulting, Oakland, CA
APC Liaison: Debra Catanese, GPU Energy
With deregulation of the electric industry, real-time pricing (RTP) or other dynamic rates are expected to become more common. One of the barriers to achieving success with RTP has been that the building operators response to price typically must be implemented manually, which limits the number of systems that can be managed at a particular time, and the frequency with which operators can be expected to intervene in operation. This seminar describes approaches to automate response of building systems operation to time varying prices for electricity, and presents results from evaluations of the impact of these control technologies.

1. Real-Time Pricing: Rates and Responses
Les Norford, Ph.D., Member, MIT, Cambridge, MA

2. Experiences with Automated RTP
Jim Kummer, P.E., Member, Johnson Controls, Inc., Milwaukee, WI

3. Automating Response to Real-Time Pricing
Douglas R. Chamberlin, P.E., Member, The Bentley Company, Walnut Creek, CA

4. Development and Demonstration of Energy Management Control Strategies for Real-Time Pricing
Byron Hill, Ph.D., Honeywell, Minneapolis, MN

Seminar 5
Room: Salon 7
Fine Particulate Measurements for IAQ Investigations: Part II
Sponsor: TC 02.04 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment
Chair: Pat Keady, Member, TSI Incorporated, St. Paul, MN
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, The University of Alabama
Airborne particulate contaminants can be detrimental to human health and comfort and are an important factor in maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. This seminar looks at how outdoor pollutants contribute to the indoor environment, particle sources within buildings, and the relationship between area concentrations and personal exposures. Data describing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of particles are presented with a discussion of the potential impact on human health, including the state-of-art in measurement methods and instrumentation and a review of particulate standards around the world.

1. Assessing Outdoor Contributions to Residential Fine Particle Inorganic Ions and Mass
Susanne Hering, Ph.D., Aerosol Dynamics, Berkeley, CA

2. Solving IAQ Problems Through Real-Time Tracking of Ultra-Fines
Richard Fogerty, New Trend Environmental, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

3. Evaluation of Available and New Sampling Techniques for Biological Particles in Indoor Air
Tiina Reponen, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

4. Proposed IAQ Standards Worldwide: Guidance on Particulate Measurements in IAQ Investigations
Stephen Turner, P.E., Member, Chelsea Group, Delray Beach, FL

Seminar 6
Room: Salon 2
International Aspects of Sustainability
Sponsor: TC 01.10 Energy Resources
Chair: Mark Case, P.E., Member, etc Group, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT
APC Liaison: Larry Degelman, P.E., Texas A&M University
Through overviews and case studies, this seminar covers "sustainable" issues and application of technology in developing countries and in the European Community, including global policy review and economic business concepts that are not generally presented at ASHRAE meetings. Business opportunities created by climate change are discussed. Case studies ranging from novel applications of heat pumps in Europe to green buildings in the Pacific Rim are covered.

1. The Opportunities of Global Climate Change
Kelly M. Sims, Ozone Action, Washington, DC

2. Aligning The Bottom Line With Environmental Protection Through Environmental Based Taxes
Peggy Duxbury, Redefining Progress, Washington, DC

3. Sustainable Energy Use In Europe: Overview and Case Studies
Nils-Einar Wahlgren, P.E., Stockholm Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden

4. Environmentally Responsible Design for an Emerging and Growing Oriental Market
Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Member, Flack + Kurtz Consulting, San Francisco, CA

Forum 7
Room: Salon 12-13
Impact of Electric Utility Deregulation on Thermal Energy Storage
Sponsor: TC 06.09 Thermal Storage
Moderator: Douglas T. Reindl, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
APC Liaison: Chad Dorgan, Dorgan Associates Inc.
This forum addresses the impact of utility deregulation on thermal energy storage (TES) technologies. Issues include: Is TES a viable strategic technology for customers in a deregulated utility market? Will there be a renewed interest in TES in the future? Will customers that use TES to level their demand profiles be in a better position for negotiating more favorable utility rates?

Forum 8
Room: Nob Hill B
What Improvements are Needed in NFPA - 130 Ventilation Chapter?
Sponsor: TC 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
Moderator: William D. Kennedy, P.E., Member, Parsons Brinkerhoff, New York, NY
APC Liaison: Ronald Howell, P.E., University of South Florida
The National Fire Protection Association's Standard 130, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities, (NFPA-130), includes fire-safety ventilation requirements for underground transit systems. The 1997 edition has recently been issued and the development for the 1999 edition is beginning. The purpose of this forum is to discuss ventilation aspects of NFPA-130 with a view to suggesting enhancements to the standard NFPA-130.

Forum 9
Room: Nob Hill A
What Should Be Included In ASHRAE's Hospital and Clinics HVAC Systems Design Manual?
Sponsor: TC 09.08 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications
Moderator: Anand K. Seth, P.E., Member, OEM, PHS/Mass. General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
APC Liaison: Art Hallstrom, P.E., The Trane Company
This forum is soliciting information on industry needs and issues in all areas of design of hospital and health clinics. This information will be used in the development of a hospital and clinic design manual.

Forum 10
Room: Salon 12-13
Discussion and Feedback on the New Climatic Design Data in the 1997 Handbook, Fundamentals
Sponsor: TC 04.02 Weather Information AM
Moderator: Robert Morris, Member, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada
APC Liaison: Chad Dorgan, Dorgan Associates Inc.
This forum solicits comments, questions and concerns about Chapter 26, "Climatic Design Information," in the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals. This chapter contains a considerable amount of updated, new and revised information, including nearly 600 more international locations and psychrometric design points based on percentiles of dew-point temperature and humidity ratio. Also, annual percentile of occurrence now are used instead of only summer and winter values.

Forum 11
Room: Nob Hill B
What Research Is Needed for Fire and Smoke Control?
Sponsor: TC 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke AM
Moderator: John Klote, Ph.D., Fellow, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
APC Liaison: Ronald Howell, P.E., University of South Florida
Past ASHRAE-sponsored research included smoke control, atrium smoke management, smoke management wind data, and fire dampers. This forum address the following questions: What aspects of fire and smoke management should be incorporated in ASHRAE's Research Plan? Should the focus of ASHRAE-sponsored research be on fire issues of HVAC system components? Should industrial ventilation be included? Where does smoke management research fit in? How should priorities of potential research projects be determined?

Forum 12
Room: Nob Hill A
What Would Motivate Building Designers To Use Absorption Cooling?
Sponsor: TC 08.03 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Moderator: Bill Ryan, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL
APC Liaison: Art Hallstrom, The Trane Company
Absorption cooling is a mature technology that provides an excellent option for building designers, especially in an era of rapidly changing energy rates. Absorption equipment has come a long way in reliability, and maintenance costs rival competing technologies. This forum focuses on these and other remaining issues that stand in the way of absorption equipment selection.

Symposium SF-98-10
Room: Salon 2
Advanced Turbulence Models for Room Airflow Prediction
Sponsor: TC 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Chair: Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
APC Liaison: James Buckley, P.E., 3D/International
In the past two decades the "standard" two-equation k-E model has been used intensively in room airflow prediction. Encouraging results have been achieved, but there are many problems unsolved. Due to rapid development in computer hardware, engineers are seeking advanced turbulence models, such as large-eddy-simulation, Reynolds-stress models, and variants of eddy-viscosity models, for better prediction of room airflows. This symposium discusses the results of room airflow prediction by those advanced models.

1. The Selection of Turbulence Models for Prediction of Room Airflow
Peter V. Nielsen, Ph.D., Member, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

2. Application of a Large Eddy Simulation Model to Study Room Airflow
Steven Emmerich, Associate Member, and Kevin McGratton, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

3. Numerical Simulation of Airflow in a Room With Differentially Heated Vertical Walls!
Weiran Xu, Student Member, and Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambrige, MA

Symposium SF-98-11
Room: Salon 10-11
Field Studies of Thermal Comfort and Adaptation: Part II
Sponsor: TC 02.01 Physiology and Human EnvironmentPM
Chair: Gail S. Brager,Ph.D., Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: Filza Hassan, SHG Inc.
The adaptive approach to modeling thermal comfort acknowledges that thermal perception in "real buildings" can be influenced by a variety of contextual factors that are unaccounted for in laboratory studies or in the heat balance models and standards that are based on them. Field studies allow us to examine the thermal response of people who are naturally interacting with and adjusting to the thermal environment, thereby affecting their thermal expectations and preferences. Part 2 begins with a description of a global database of thermal comfort studies that is on the World Wide Web. The following three papers describe field studies conducted in an office building in San Francisco where workers have individual thermal control, centrally air-conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong, and both air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Bangkok.

1. A Global Database of Thermal Comfort Field Experiments
Richard J. De Dear, Ph.D., Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

2. Field Study of the Impact of a Desktop Task/Ambient Conditioning System in Office Buildings
Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member, Thomas G. Carter, P.E., Student Member, Anne V. Baughman, Student Member, Edward A. Arens, Ph.D., Member, University of California, Berkeley, CA

3. A Large Scale Survey of Thermal Comfort in Office Premises in Hong Kong
Daniel Chan, Member, and John Burnett, Ph.D., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Richard J. De Dear, Ph.D., Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Stephen C. H. Ng., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong

4. Thermal Comfort in Transitional Spaces in the Cool Season of Bangkok, Thailand
Kitchai Jitkhajornwanich, Student Member, Adrian C. Pitts, Ph.D., Albert Malama, Student Member, Steve Sharples, Ph.D., University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

5. An Investigation of the Thermal Comfort Adaptive Model in a Tropical Upland Climate
Albert Malama, Student Member, Adrian C. Pitts, Ph.D., Steve Sharples, Ph.D., and Kitchai Jitkhajornwanich, Student Member, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Symposium SF-98-12
Room: Nob Hill D
Modeling the Heat Transfer Through Fenestration Products
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration PM
Chair: Jeff Baker, P.Eng., WESTLab, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
This symposium focuses on the numerical modeling techniques for fenestration products, including presentations on a new, more accurate method for manipulating spectral optical data, while calculating the energy-related optical properties of glazing layers and glazing systems; an attempt to extract local indoor heat transfer coefficients based on insulating glass indoor surface temperature measurements; a simplified method to predict the fluid flow inside an insulating glass unit, which are then used to improve the interior surface temperature predictions of fenestration products; and a numerical study of the combined effect of air leakage and conduction heat transfer in window frames.

1. Local Heat Transfer Coefficients for a Flush Mounted Glazing Unit
Arne-Chris Schrey, Student Member, Roydon Fraser, Ph.D., P.E., Pedro F. de Abreu, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

2. A Simplified Numerical Method for Assessing the Condensation Resistance of Windows
John Wright, Ph.D., Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

3. The Combined Effect of Air Leakage and Conductive Heat Transfer in Window Frames and Its Impact on the Canadian Energy Rating Procedure (4108)
Stephane Halle and Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Armand Patenaude, P.E., and Robert Jutras, P.E., Air-Ins Inc., Varennes, Quebec, Canada

4. Calculating Centre-Glass Performance Indices of Windows
John L. Wright, Ph.D., Member, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Seminar 7
Room: Speakers Lounge
First Time at a Society Meeting? This Seminar's For You!
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee PM
Chair: Marvin Thedford, P.E., Member, TU Electric, Dallas, TX
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, TU Electric
This seminar introduces new meeting attendees to the events at a Society meeting: how to get involved in a technical committee, what is the difference between a symposium and a seminar, and how to become part of the meeting program. The role of ASHRAE staff in a meeting, and the events that surround the AHR Exposition also are explained. And if you're not having fun yet, the technical tours, guest and special events (how to have fun at ASHRAE) are discussed.

1. Technical Committee, Technical Program, and Committee Meetings at a Society Meeting
Debra Catanese, Member, GPU Energy, Reading, PA

2. ASHRAE Staff and Their Role in a Society Meeting
Michael Pate, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

3. The Exposition, Technical Tours and the Fun Side of a Society Meeting
Sally McInerny, Ph.D., Member, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL

Seminar 8
Room: Salon 7
Case Studies Using Correction Factors on Flow Hoods
Sponsor: TC 09.07 Testing and Balancing PM
Chair: Carl N. Lawson, Member, Wren-Janus Engineering, Inc., Chantilly, VA
APC Liaison: Janet Lynch-Szaniawski
With HVAC systems becoming more and more complex and with testing adjusting and balancing playing a very important role, it has become apparent that flow hoods need to be adjusted and correction factors have to be established. This seminar addresses cases that require no corrections, the effect that flex ductwork can have on correction factors, how to establish correction factors in the field. The degree of competency of technicians responsible for these correction factors and the maintenance required for the flow hood also are addressed.

1. Experimental Determination of Correction Factors for Use With Capture Hoods
Claudia K. Wood, Associate Member, TSI Incorporated, Shore View, MN

2. Field Fabricated Flow Hoods
Ernest E. Choat, P.E., Fellow/ Life Member, Environmental Engineering Consultants, Oak Ridge, TN

3. Effects of Flow Hood Measurements Due to Flexible Duct Connections
Rodney Lewis, P.E., Fellow, Rodney Lewis & Associates, Houston, TX

4. Establishing Correction Factors in the Field
Gaylon Richardson, Member, Engineered Air Balance, Houston, TX

Seminar 9
Room: Salon 8
Energy Conservation in Industrial Facilities
Sponsor: TC 09.02 Industrial Air Conditioning PM
Chair: George J. Sestak, P.E., Member, Zeneca, Inc., Wilmington, DE
APC Liaison: Ira Poston, Duke Power Company
The utility industry, in its efforts to meet the growing demands for energy and to adjust to deregulation, is offering a wide range of incentives to their commercial and industrial customers to reduce energy consumption. This activity coupled with the competitive world market to produce energy at the lowest price should rekindle awareness for the need for energy conservation. This seminar presents a series of energy conserving ideas, including success stories on alternate air-conditioning methods, the 3 gpm/ton concept for chiller condensers and relationship with energy conservation, and energy conservation projects that went awry and why.

1. Conversion of Dual Duct System to VAV at Mercy Medical Center
Gerald D. Hartford, Jr., P.E., Member, Henning, Metz, Hartford & Associates, Fargo, ND

2. The Demise of the Primary-Secondary Paradigm for CHW Plant Design
Wayne Kirsner, P.E., Member, Kirsner, Pullin & Associates, Marietta, GA

3. Closed Loop Geothermal Heat Pump System Design for a Junior High School
Gerald D. Hartford, Jr., P.E., Member, Henning, Metz, Hartford & Associates, Fargo, ND

4. What Can and Has Gone Wrong in Energy Conservation Projects
Wayne M. Lawton, Member, Giffels Associates, Southfield, MI

5. Energy Conservation in Humidified 100% Outside Air Systems
Mark S. Lentz, P.E., Member, Lentz Engineering Associates, Inc., Kohler, WI

Seminar 10
Room: Nob Hill C
Food Freezing Update
Sponsor: TC 10.09 Refrigeration Application for Foods and for Beverages PM
Chair: Gordon Follette, P.E., Member, Follette Engineering, Modesto, CA
APC Liaison: Robert Suggs, RM Suggs Company
Because more food products for residential use are pre-prepared and distributed in ready-to-eat or ready-to-fast-cook packaging and food products for the food service industry supplied as portion packed and pre-prepared products, the importance of freezing techniques to enhance food safety is essential. Technology should be fine tuned to control energy consumption, but also to provide a safe and economical food supply shelf life, which is critical. This seminar provides an update on food freezing technology, freezing systems and refrigerants, and explores alternative technologies.

1. Predicting Freezing Times and Loads
Bryan R. Becker, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO

2. Freezing Methods Update
Terry D. Barber, P.E., Member, Northfield Freezing System/York International, Anacortes, WA

3. Cryogenic Methods Update
Debbie Benjamin, P.E., Praxair/Liquid Carbonic, Chicago, IL

4. Product Stabilization Beyond Freezing
David S. Reid, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of California, Davis, CA

Seminar 11
Room: Salon 14-15
Integrated Energy Conservation and Demand Reduction Strategies in Buildings
Sponsor: TC 04.06 Building Operation Dynamics
Chair: Jan Kreider, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
APC Liaison: Debra Catanese, GPU Energy
Historically, energy conservation measures have been component oriented. System-based energy demand reduction measures have not been used to the same extent as component-based strategies. This seminar considers system-based measures for commercial building HVAC systems, both with and without thermal energy storage.

1. Integrated Strategy for Chillers and VAV Air-Handling Systems
Gideon Shavit, Ph.D., Fellow, Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL

2. Integrated TES and Chiller Demand Reduction Strategies - Modeling Needs
Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

3. A Methodology for Comparing the Performance of Control Strategies for Use of Building Mass
James E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

4. Performance of a Hotel Cooling System With Thermal Storage
Steven L. Blanc, P.E., Member, Pacific Gas & Electric Company, San Ramon, CA

Seminar 12
Room: Salon 1
Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration
Sponsor: TC 03.01 Refrigerants and Brines; TC 08.04 Air-to-Air Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment
Chair: Samuel M. Sami, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Research Centre for Energy Conversion, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
APC Liaison: Chad Dorgan, Dorgan Associates Inc.
This seminar presents recent developments in the long-term replacement of ultra-low temperature refrigerants such as R-113 and R-503. Cooling coil design for low ultra-low temperature applications, including cascade refrigeration and some transitional replacements also is discussed.

1. Refrigerant Substitutes in Ultra-Low Temperature Applications
Sheldon D. Goldstein, P.E., Cincinnati Sub-Zero Inc., Cincinnati, OH

2. Cooling Coil Design for Ultra-Low Temperature Air Craft Test Facility
Randy Weaver, Associate Member, Heatcraft Inc., Grenada, Missouri

3. R-508b as a Replacement for R-13 and R-503 in Cascade Refrigeration Systems
Dave Bateman, DuPont Suva Refrigerants, Wilmington, DE

4. Alternatives to R-13 and R-503
Samuel M. Sami, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Research Centre for Energy Conversion, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada

Forum 13
Is There a Need for a Synopsis of Technical Papers?
Sponsor: Historical Committee PM
Moderator: Bernard Nagengast, Member, Kointainer Co., Sidney, OH
APC Liaison: Charles McDowell, Alabama Power Company
Technical papers through the years reflect the thoughts of the time and the evolution of HVAC&R technology. A summary of each paper would assist researchers narrow the field of their subject technology. The benefit would not only be for historians but also for those looking to improve a product or system and want to see what has or has not been tried. This forum focuses on the need, the task and the methods to achieve a synopsis of technical papers presented at Society meetings.

Forum 14
Room: Salon 12-13
Methods to Test and Rate Desiccant Equipment
Sponsor: TC 03.05 Desiccant and Sorption Technology
Moderator: Steve Slayzak, Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
APC Liaison: Ronald Howell, P.E., University of South Florida
The purpose of this forum is to increase awareness of ASHRAE and ARI desiccant equipment testing and rating standards which are nearing completion. This forum focuses particularly on ARI Standard 940P, Desiccant Cooling and Dehumidification Equipment, which references ASHRAE Standard 139P, Methods of Testing for Rating Desiccant Dehumidifiers Utilizing Heat for the Regeneration Process, for test procedures, and specifies four rating points that highlight the enhanced dehumidification capabilities of desiccant equipment under real-world conditions.

Forum 15
Room: Nob Hill B
Performance Contracting for Water Treatment Services
Sponsor: TC 03.06 Corrosion and Water Treatment PM
Moderator: Mark Hodgson, Member, Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc., Edison, NJ
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Home Care Building Systems
This forum discusses options for performance contracting with water treatment suppliers. Performance contracting offers a range of possibilities for the purchaser and can help take back control of the program. This forum also discusses control parameters to consider and how they can be measured.

Forum 16
Room: Nob Hill B
How Much Uncertainty Should Be Allowed for Measurement and Verification of Energy Savings?
Sponsor: TC 09.06 Systems Energy Utilization PM
Moderator: Richard Mazzucchi, Member, SBW Consulting Inc., Bellevue, WA
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Home Care Building Systems
The cost of measuring and verifying energy savings increases as the uncertainty of the calculation is diminished. This forum discusses the ramification of this fact on guidelines presently being developed by GPC 149, Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings. Issues include: How can practitioners best determine the appropriate level of measurement cost and uncertainty for particular projects? Should ASHRAE recommend prescriptive approaches, or provide methods to calculate measurement costs and uncertainties?

Forum 17
Room: Salon 12-13
Test and Balance Training for Technicians and Engineers - Who, What and Why?
Sponsor: TC 09.07 Testing and Balancing
Moderator: Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Member, Air Engineering & Testing Inc., Dallas, TX
APC Liaison: Ronald Howell, P.E., University of South Florida
The performance of HVAC systems is largely based on the equipment adjustments. The training and skill of the technicians that do these adjustments is critical to that performance. This forum addresses the need for training these technicians as well as design and field engineers, and examines the state of the industry that is providing the training.

Forum 18
Room: Nob Hill A
2:00 PM - 2:50 PM
What Role Should the Historical Committee Play in the Development Of Criteria For Museum Design?
Sponsor: Historical Committee
Moderator: Manuel Lizcano, P.E., Member, Lizcano Consulting Engineers, Inc., San Antonio, TX
APC Liaison: Charles McDowell, Alabama Power Company
A museum environment must be designed to provide the most reasonable life for its collections and exhibits. The proper environmental controls for temperature, humidity, particulate contamination, gaseous pollution and light are critical to preserving artifacts. In addition, the problems and solutions are constantly changing. This forum focuses on the need for continued work in establishing criteria for proper environmental controls for preserving artifacts, and for defining the group that should monitor this activity.

Symposium SF-98-13
Room: Nob Hill D
Durability of Fenestration Systems
Sponsor: TC 04.05 Fenestration
Chair: Francois Dubrous, P.E., Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
APC Liaison: James Buckley, 3D/International
This symposium focuses on the energy aspect of durability of fenestration systems and discusses two key areas of concern: the long-term integrity of the glazing cavity of the insulating glass unit and the impact of air leakage on the continuing performance of the product. The first paper investigates the impact of muntin bars and suggests a refined test method for detecting potential problems. The second paper attempts to determine the extent of cold temperature air leakage from commercially available, operable windows, and the impact this has on a house's energy consumption. The third paper demonstrates how airflow through a window may actually increase its heat gains during the heating season, and evaluates the performance of a supply-air window to control airflow through two panes of glass.

1. Thermal Characteristics and Durability of Sealed Insulating Glass Units Incorporating Muntin Bars Under Ultraviolet
Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., P.E., Member, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. Measurements of Window Air Leakage at Cold Temperature and Impact on a House's Annual Energy Performance
Roger Henry, Ph.D., Member, NRCAN, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Armand Patenaude, Air-Ins, Varennes, Quebec, Canada

3. Comparison of the Monthly Thermal Performance of a Conventional Window and a Supply-Air Window
Kamel Haddad, Ph.D., and Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., P.E., Member, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Symposium SF-98-14
Room: Salon 12-13
Seismic Restraints for Piping Systems
Sponsor: TC 02.07 Seismic Restraint Design
Chair: E. Douglas Fitts, P.E., Member, St. Louis County, Clayton, MO
APC Liaison: Robert Suggs, R M Suggs Company
Installing piping systems to resist seismic forces requires knowledge of the codes that are in force at the piping-system site, the forces that act on piping systems during a seismic event, the methods to calculate the resistant forces to keep piping systems in place, and what applications work and do not work. This symposium helps enhance that knowledge.

1. Seismic Restraints for Piping Systems
Robert Wasilewski, P.E., Member, SMACNA, Chantilly, VA

2. Water Damage in Hospitals Resulting from the Northridge Earthquake
J. Marx Ayres, P.E., Fellow, Life Member, Ayres, Ezer & Varadi, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, and Richard J. Phillips, P.E., Hillman Biddison & Loevenguth, Los Angeles, CA

3. Seismic Codes, HVAC Pipe Systems and Practical Solutions
Patrick J. Lama, P.E., Member, Mason Industries, Hauppauge, NY

Symposium SF-98-15
Room: Salon 2
Thermal and Fluid Characteristics in HVAC and Refrigeration Heat Exchange Processes
Sponsor: TC 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow; TC 08.04 Air-to-Air Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment; TC 08.05 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers
Chair: Michael Ohadi, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
APC Liaison: Chad Dorgan, Dorgan Associates Inc.
This symposium reports some of the latest research progress in heat and mass-transport processes of direct significance to refrigeration and air-conditioning applications. The presentations discuss both basic and design-oriented information and focus on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of alternative refrigerants/refrigerant mixtures.

1. Prediction of Forced Convective Condensation Characteristics of New Alternatives to R-502 Inside Water/Refrigerant Enhanced Surface Tubing

Samuel M. Sami, Ph.D., Member, and Bertrand Poirier, University of Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada

2. Ammonia Spray Evaporation Heat Transfer Performance of Single Low-Fin and Corrugated Tubes (4109) (RP-725)
Xin Zeng, P.E., Member, and Ming Chyu, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; and Zahid H. Ayub, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Thermofluid International, Arlington, TX

3. Mass Flow Characteristics of R-407c Through Short Tube Orifices
W. Vance Payne, Student Member, and Dennis L. O'Neal, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

4. Nucleate Boiling Performance of R-22, R-123, R-134a, R-410a and R-407c on Smooth and Enhanced Tubes
Chi-Chuan Wang, Ph.D., Member, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan; W. Y. Hsieh and C. Y. Yang, National Central University, Chung Li, Taiwan; and Y. J. Chang, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan

5. In-Tube Condensation of Refrigerant and Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures: A Review of Recent Work
Ashok Gidwani, Student Member, Michael Ohadi, Ph.D., Member, Mohsen Salehi, Student Member, and Serguie Dessiatoun, Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

Seminar 13
Room: Salon 7
Aircraft Cabin Air Quality and Measurements
Sponsor: TC 09.03 Transportation Air Conditioning
Chair: Thomas J. Nagle, P.E., Fellow, Boeing/McDonnell Douglas, Long Beach, CA
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, The University of Alabama
Although air quality surveys and measurements have been conducted and reported for commercial aircraft, the data does not seem to have been used by the media, consumer advocate groups and individuals who appear to relate air quality in aircraft with unrelated factors. This seminar focuses on these issues and discusses the results of pilot studies and other investigations that are being used to develop a proposed ASHRAE standard on air quality in commercial aircraft.

1. Aircraft Cabin Air Supply Contaminants and Their Mitigation
Richard B. Fox, Associate Member, Allied Signal Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ, and David Space, Boeing, Seattle, WA

2. Pulse Oximetry Measurements at Typical Altitudes
Kenneth L. Waters, P.E., Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, WA

3. Relate Air Quality and Other Factors to Symptoms
Jolanda N. Janczewski, Ph.D., Consolidated Safety Services, Inc., Fairfax, VA

Seminar 14
Room: Salon 10-11
IAQ Design Strategies and Issues for Smoking Areas
Sponsor: TC 05.05 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Chair: Kirk Mescher, P.E., Associate Member, CM Engineering, Columbia, MO
APC Liaison: Filza Hassan, SHG Inc.
This seminar presents theoretical design considerations along with actual case studies of design techniques where coexistence of non-smokers and smokers is important to the operation of the space. These case studies offer a primer for the design professional and building owner for the design and installation of systems where coexistence is necessary.

1. Designing for Smoking Areas
Hoy R. Bohanon, P.E., Member, R. J. Reynolds, Winston-Salem, NC

2. Smoking Rooms in High-Rise Office Buildings
Carl N. Lawson, Member, Wren-Janus Engineering, Chantilly, VA

3. Coexistent Smokers and Non-Smokers in an Office Environment, Possibility or Nightmare
John Fischer, Member, Semco Inc., Columbia, MO

4. Mathematical Evaluation of ETS Dosage in Office Buildings
Mark Lehrman, P.E., Member, Wells Gardner Electronics, Chicago, IL

Seminar 15
Room: Salon 14-15
Method of Test for Smoke Management Fans Standard 149
Sponsor: TC 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke; SPC149 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans Used to Exhaust Smoke in Smoke Management Systems
Chair: William A. Webb, P.E., Member, Performance Technology Consulting, Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL
APC Liaison: Ira Poston, Duke Power Company
This seminar presents the background and development of ASHRAE Standard 149P, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans Used to Exhaust Smoke in Smoke Management Systems, which presently is undergoing public review. Applications of the test methods and their explanation are presented, along with a description of the progress on a rating document based on Standard 149P.

1. Effects of Temperature Changes on Fan Performance
John Murphy, Ph.D., Member, Jogram, Inc., New Philad